Spices are any pungent, aromatic plant substances used to flavor food or beverages. Plant foods and agricultural commodities including spices are increasingly subjected to adulteration by design or default. This study aimed to compare home grinded spices against ready locally prepared ones in Libyan market. Chosen spices were compared according to their percentage of yield, organoleptic features, and pharmacognostic parameters as macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, pH measurement, microbial contamination (total viable count and microbial identification), and thin layer chromatography (TLC) chromatogram and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. From the results, the ready prepared samples showed to have higher percentage of yield compared to home prepared ones. There were no difference in organoleptic test results, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and pH test results. Bacteria in spices samples were too many to count (TMTC) in most samples, however thyme, rosemary and cinnamon showed better results. The isolated bacteria were identified as Salmonella, Shigella and E. coli species. TLC chromatogram and DPPH scavenging activity test also showed no difference in both sample groups. All these tests indicates that the samples obtained from market as grinded powder and the same samples of spices that was brought as a raw materials and grinded at home had the same characteristics, which indicated that they are of the same quality which not necessary to be a good one. arabic 12 English 75
Sakina Salem Mohammed Saadawi, , , AMAL .A ABOALLA AMMAR, (1-2015)

Oil and its derivatives spills have been a major issue across decades and it is hard to biodegrade even though there are many techniques are being developed to clean up petroleum contaminated soil. Phytoremediation has long been applied as a treatment technology that is cost-effective, ecologically friendly and efficient for the decontamination of hydrocarbon pollution. In this study, four crude oil contaminated soil samples were collected from oil extraction fields in Libya. Three plants were chosen (Malva punilora, Ricinus communis and Triticum repens) on 0.5% and 1% crude oil contaminated soil .The chosen plant species were implanted individually in the contaminated soil pots. Soil sample (triplicate) was taken from each pot at zero time, after 15 days. After 30 days and after 45 days of experiment. Hexane was added to the soil samples, mixed, filtered and the absorbance was measured using spectrophotometer at 360 nm. The results were compared to the standard curve to calculate the crude oil concentration and percentage of removal. As a result the highest percentage of removal of 0.5 % crude oil contaminated soil was by Triticum repens (94%) after 30 days of experiment followed by Malva parviflora(88.5) and Ricinus communis(77 %). While in 1% crude oil contaminated soil pots experiment, the highest percentage of removal was by Malva parviflora (89%) after 30 days of experiment followed by Triticum repens (80%) and Ricinus communis (76 %). Triticum repens showed good results suggesting more field application. arabic 15 English 97
Sakina Salem Mohammed Saadawi, , AMAL .A ABOALLA AMMAR, , (1-2015)

Hydroxyethylrutosides (Troxerutin) is a standardized mixture of semi-synthetic flavonoids obtained by substituting hydroxyethyl groups in the naturally occurring flavonol rutin. Because there are four dissociation hydroxyls in rutin, some fifteen kinds of hydroxyethylrutins can be theoretically synthesized. The good quality of the raw material of a drug and the finished product must include the related impurities in an analytical investigation, and this seemed particularly important to the quality control of Troxerutin. According to the literature, it is clear that, the chromatographic analysis of Troxerutin still problematic as its sample can be considered as a complex sample as it contains plenty of different components. In this study, new HPLC technology named fused- core column was used to separate the major components of Troxerutin bulk powder. Fused – Core silica stationary phases represent key technological advancement in the area of fast HPLC separations. These phases are made by fusing 0.5 μm porous silica. The reduced intra – particle flow path of the fused particles provides superior mass transfer kinetics and better performance at high mobile phase velocities, while the fused – core particles provide lower pressure than sub – 2 μm particles. arabic 13 English 77
Sakina Salem Mohammed Saadawi, AMAL .A ABOALLA AMMAR, Mohamed Nouri Mansour El Attug, Amal Khalifa Ali Belaid, ٌRuwida Mohamed Ali Kamour, Tariq Khalifa Masoud Almog(1-2016)