This paper aims to investigate the extent to which board of directors’ mechanism is implemented in Libyan listed companies. This includes a consideration of composition, duties and responsibilities of the board directors. This study employed a questionnaire survey to collect required data from four key stakeholder groups: Boards of Directors (BD), Executive Managers (EM), Regulators and External Auditors (RE) and Other Stakeholders (OS). The results of this study provided evidence that Libyan listed companies generally comply with the Libyan Corporate Governance Code (LCGC) requirements regarding the board composition: the findings assert that most boards have between three and eleven members, the majority of whom are non-executives and at least two or one-third of whom (whichever is greater) are independent. Moreover, the results indicate that general assemblies in Libyan listed companies are practically committed to the LCGC’s requirements regarding the appointment of board members and their length of tenure. The findings provide evidence that boards in Libyan listed companies are carrying out their duties and responsibilities in accordance with internal regulations and laws, as well as the stipulations of the LCGC (2007). Furthermore, the stakeholder groups were broadly satisfied that board members are devoting sufficient time and effort to discharge these duties and responsibilities properly. This study helps to enrich our understanding and knowledge of the current practice of corporate boards as a significant mechanism of corporate governance (CG) by being the first to address the board of directors’ mechanism in Libyan listed companies. arabic 24 English 97
Mohamed Zakari, Jill Atkins, Ismail Elshahoubi(1-2018)

This study investigates the challenges that face implementing of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by Libyan firms. In particular, this paper analyses the effect of legal, economic, accounting education and culture structures on adopting of IFRS in the Libyan context. A questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the effect of some selected challenges on IFRS adoption in Libya. The results of the study indicate that IFRS adoption by Libyan companies has faced some obstacles such as accounting education and economic issues. This research extends accounting literature by studying the challenges of IFRS in Libya (a developing country), focusing on the impact of legal, accounting education, economic and culture in IFRS implementation. arabic 11 English 71
Mohamed Zakari(11-2014)

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the role and significance of accounting and auditing in developing countries - Arab countries in creating transparency and drive for the national economy. It provides contextual background information on the state of Accounting in Arab countries. This paper attempts to show how effective accounting and auditing help in promoting and supporting national competitiveness in today’s globalised and complex world. The paper seeks to critically assess the effectiveness and performance accounting and auditing in Arab countries. It will highlight the factors affecting the role and function of accounting and auditing. Methodology / Approach - The paper is based on data collected from various documents including those published by the authors (such as articles at journals and books), as well as information from business laws that organized accounting in Arab countries. Findings – we found that accounting systems and auditing procedures in most Arab countries were designed to cater for the needs of centrally planned economy and they are currently struggling to keep pace with the developed world. The accounting and auditing systems in developing and Arab countries set clear objectives mainly to provide accounting information, including: (i) financial information; (ii) tax information; and (iii) statistical information. They lack standardization and uniformity as they seem to be applied differently across sectors and industries. Originality: This is the first study (in researcher knowledge) that describes and explains the accounting and auditing in most Arab countries. The paper contributes to the literature by providing a broader picture about the obstacles and problems that effect on developing accounting in Arab countries. Keywords – Accounting, Auditing, Arab Countries, and Education arabic 9 English 55
Mohamed Abulgasem Zakari(2-2013)

This paper attempts to investigate the quality of audit evidence obtained by auditors in the Libyan context. In particular, this study explores the effects of the professional and academic qualifications of the auditor, consistency of evidence, and amount of evidence on the evidence. A questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the perceptions of the external, internal, state and taxation auditors on the effect of the three selected factors on evidence. To confirm and support the questionnaire findings semi-structured interviews were conducted with four target group. The results of the study indicate that professional and academic qualifications of the auditor, consistency of evidence, and amount of evidence all have a direct bearing on quality of evidence. arabic 9 English 47
Mohamed Zakari, Karim Menacere(1-2012)

Purpose-This paper investigates the extent of sufficiency and appropriateness of audit evidence obtained by auditors in the Libyan context. Particularly, this study examines the effects of the types of evidence on the quality of auditor's decision. Design/methodology/approach-A questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the perceptions of the external, internal, state and taxation auditors on the effect of evidence type on auditor's decision. To confirm and support the questionnaire findings semi-structured interviews were conducted with four target group. Findings-The results of the study indicate that evidence type has an impact on auditor's report. Originality-The research makes a significant contribution to knowledge and practise in the auditing field in emerging countries. This is especially important given the changing economic climate in Libya and findings from this research can be applied to other emerging economies. arabic 11 English 54
Mohamed Zakari(9-2013)

Purpose-This paper explores the role of audit evidence source collected by Libyan auditor in enhancing the quality and reliability of its report. Design/methodology/approach-A questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the perceptions of the external, internal, state and taxation auditors on the effect of the evidence source on the quality of auditor's report. To confirm and support the questionnaire findings semi-structured interviews were conducted with four target groups. Findings-The results of the study indicate that source of evidence has an impact on the quality of auditor's report. Originality-The research makes a significant contribution to knowledge and practise in the auditing field in emerging countries. This is especially important given the changing economic climate in Libya and findings from this research can be applied to other emerging economies. arabic 16 English 85
Mohamed Zakari , Nassr Saleh Mohamad Ahmad(9-2014)

The book represents an important contribution to the raising debate about corporate governance in seven Arab countries: Saudi Arabia; Libya; Egypt; the UAE; Qatar; Jordan; Tunisia and MENA region. This book is edited by a team of scholars with expertise in the field of corporate governance and emphasis on Arab countries: Prof. Dima Jamali, Prof. Virginia Bodolica, and Dr. Yulia Lapina. A total of 13 co-authors (representing 7 countries) contributed to this book. The book is composed of three parts, unfolding progressively from a general presentation of extant governance infrastructures in the Arab world to a more detailed evaluation of specific governance devices in a given country.
Mohamed Abulgasem Zakari, Ismail Salem Elshahoubi(1-2018)

This book aims to provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of adopting IFRS in emerging economics - Libya. The book focuses on developing countries because there is a lack of publication in IAS/IFRS area in these countries. This book is organised in three chapters. Chapter one reviews the accounting in emerging economics. The accounting profession in Libya is provided in chapter two. Chapter three presents challenges and opportunities of adopting IAS/IFRS in developing countries. arabic 12 English 54
Mohamed Abulgasem Zakari(8-2016)

The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of the challenges and difficulties currently facing audit evidence in Libya. This book focuses on the extent of sufficiency and appropriateness of audit evidence collected by Libyan auditors. The challenges and problems of collecting audit evidence will be presented in this book. The solutions of gathering evidence on auditing professional will be discussed in this publication. arabic 11 English 67
Mohamed Abulgasem Salem Yakhalef(4-2013)

هدف هذا البحث إلى قياس أثر تطبيق المعايير الدولية لإعداد التقارير المالية في تعزيز الخصائص النوعية للمعلومات المحاسبية لتحقيق جودة التقارير المالية في شركات النفط الليبية. من أجل تحقيق هدف الدراسة، كانت العينة تشمل: المحاسبين ومدققي الحسابات والمديرين الماليين في شركات النفط الليبية. تم اعتماد استبيان كأداة لجمع البيانات اللازمة. تم إنشاء العديد من النتائج. هناك تأثير إيجابي لتطبيق المعايير الدولية لإعداد التقارير المالية على جودة التقارير المالية. تساعد المعلومات المحاسبية المعدة وفقًا للمعايير الدولية صناع القرار على تحسين التوقعات الحالية وتغييرها، ويساعد تطبيقها على إجراء مقارنات لتقييم الأداء المالي للشركات. بناءً على النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها، فإن الحاجة إلى الانتقال إلى المعايير الدولية لإعداد التقارير المالية لإنتاج معلومات محاسبية جيدة. والعمل على رفع مستوى الشفافية في المجتمع الليبي وتحسين ظروف التسجيل في سوق رأس المال الليبي، بحيث يتم تقديم إفصاح عادل لجميع المستثمرين. وأوصت بإجراء مراجعة للتشريعات التي كانت فعالة خلال مرحلة الاقتصاد المركزي للتخطيط، بما في ذلك النظم القانونية والاقتصادية، ويتم تنفيذها. في وضع جديد، يجب أن تبقى الحكومة خارج سوق الأوراق المالية باستثناء تنظيمها. arabic 161 English 0
محمد ابوالقاسم سالم يخلف, (3-2018)

تعتبر المشروعات الصغرى والمتوسطة ذات أهمية كبيرة في جميع دول العالم وخاصة في الدول النامية، لما لها من دور ايجابي وهام في توفير فرص عمل لجميع الفئات الاجتماعية بما يسهم في زيادة الدخل وتحقيق الاكتفاء الذاتي جزئياً لبعض السلع والخدمات التي يحتاجها المجتمع. هذا وتنتشر المشاريع الصغرى والمتوسطة في مجالات عديدة كالتجارة والصناعة والخدمات وغيرها من القطاعات الاقتصادية الأخرى. arabic 117 English 0
محمد ابوالقاسم سالم يخلف, (1-2015)

تناولت الدراسة موضوعا في غاية الأهمية وهو جودة التعليم المحاسبي في الجامعات الليبية, وذلك لما له من أهمية كبرى في النهوض بمهنة المحاسبة وبالتالي المساهمة في النمو الاقتصادي الليبي. ونظرا لما لوحظ في الآونة الاخيرة من تدني في مستوى التعليم العالي وبالتحديد التعليم المحاسبي فان الباحث قرر إجراء هذه الدراسة من أجل التعرف على أسباب ومسببات هذا الضعف, وكذلك اقتراح الحلول لها في حال وجودها. تهدف الدراسة الحالة إلي التعرف على المحددات والمشاكل التي تؤثر على الجودة الشاملة للتعليم المحاسبي في ليبيا, حيث قسمت هذه العوامل أو المشاكل إلى خمس مجموعات رئيسية وهي: مشاكل تتعلق بالخدمات والمرافق الجامعية, مشاكل تتعلق بعضو هيئة التدريس, مشاكل تتعلق بإدارة الكلية او قسم المحاسبة, مشاكل تتعلق بالمكتبة العلمية, مشاكل أخري مثل نقص الأنشطة الثقافية والرياضية والاجتماعية اللازمة لترفيه الطلبة. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم إتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يقوم على أساس تجميع كمية من الحقائق المهمة المتصلة بالموضوع وإخضاعها للتحليل. أيضا تم استخدام كلية الاقتصاد فرع الجفارة كدراسة حالة ( .(Case Study لغرض تجميع بيانات الدراسة تم استخدام قائمة الاستبيان ثم تحليلها بواسطة برنامج الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). أهم النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة أن كل المشاكل السالفة الذكر لها تأثير على جودة التعليم المحاسبي بكلية الاقتصاد فرع الجفارة. كما أوصت الدراسة بضرورة الاهتمام بكل عناصر التعليم المحاسبي وذلك لارتباطها المباشر بجودته. arabic 146 English 0
محمد ابوالقاسم سالم يخلف(1-2013)

تناولت الدراسة الحالية موضوعاً مهما وهو دور الرقابة العامة (الحكومية) في محاربة الفساد, وذلك لما له من أثار سلبية في النهوض بالاقتصاد المحلي للدولة. هذه الدراسة هدفت إلي التعرف على مدى فاعلية القوانين والتشريعات التي تنظم عمل ديوان المحاسبة الليبي في محاربة الفساد المالي والاداري بالمؤسسات والشركات العامة. من أجل تحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم إتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يقوم على أساس تجميع كمية من الحقائق المهمة والمتصلة بالموضوع وإخضاعها للتحليل. كما تم استخدام استمارة الاستبيان لتجميع بيانات الدراسة والتي تم تحليلها فيما بعد بواسطة برنامج الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية. أهم النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة الحالية هو أن هناك فاعلية في قوانين ديوان المحاسبة الليبي في محاربة الفساد المالي والاداري بالمؤسسات والشركات العامة. أيضا أوصت الدراسة بضرورة تبني وتطبيق المعايير الدولية للرقابة الحكومية وذلك من أجل رفع كفاءة رقابة ديوان المحاسبة الليبي. arabic 200 English 0
محمد ابوالقاسم سالم يخلف(9-2013)

his paper examines the significance of information contained in the cash Flow statement of Libyan investment companies. It focuses on explore the methods of Cash Flow Statement preparation do Libyan companies use and analysing external and internal of cash flow statement purposes. A questionnaire and interview methods were used to collect study data. Based on the research findings, it can be suggested that there are general agreed between study sample regarding the methods of Cash Flow Statement preparation. Most participants believed that the direct method of Cash Flow Statement was prepared to confirm their past evaluations and the management is kept abreast of the availability of cash to meet its ongoing needs. The main reasons for using the direct method is that if provides actual inflows and outflows generated and employed. Regarding the possible purposes for preparation of Cash Flow Statements in Libyan investment companies, the study results indicated that the purpose of Cash Flow Statements is for external and internal purposes. The respondents indicated that Cash Flow Statements were used in their companies for different purposes such as the ability of a company to generate and maintain adequate levels of liquidity, to pay back loans and obligations, and to distribute dividends. arabic 13 English 86
Mohamed Abulgasem Yakalhef , Mohamed Ahmed Matook(9-2019)