The starting point of this article relates to one of the prevailing arguments in the relevant literature, according to which tensions across the Arab world, in general, and the Maghreb, in particular, are largely due to increasing Islamic fundamentalism and levels of democratisation. Conversely, the following historical account reveals the multiple strategies pursued by countries at the interface of bilateral and multilateral initiatives. In order to understand trends in inter-state relations across the Maghreb until 2010, a nuanced discussion on the changing modes of interaction is warranted. Against this context, the article addresses two questions: First, to what extent are bilateral relations being superseded by multilateral arrangements? and Second, what explains either these possible changes or the persistence of bilateral arrangements? The article argues that, in the face of the rising prominence of multilateral forums, substantive political and economic arrangements have been settled mainly at the bilateral level. On the one hand, the large bulk of cooperative arrangements are dealt with on a state-to-state basis. On the other hand, the rise of Islamic fundamentalist movements in the Arab world has facilitated the improvement of coordination in the Maghreb, specifically in domestic security matters.
Ahmed Ali Salem AL-ATRASH(6-2011)

Turkey’s policy has become more interested in the Islamic roots of Turkey. Furthermore, global changes have once again brought Turkey's attention to the Arab and Islamic worlds. The relationship between Turkey and the Arab World is old as one can remember. Geographical proximity and cultural ties are among the prominent factors that enhanced the relationship between Turkey on the one hand, and the Arab World on the other hand. The relationship between Turkey and the Arab World becomes more complicated when secularism adopted as a doctrine by modern Turkey. Furthermore, the Arabs during the 1950s and 1960s split into many independent states with different political and ideological orientations. Nevertheless, the focus of this paper is not to describe and analyze the historical-cultural ties between Turkey and the Arab World. Instead, the focus will be on the Turkish support of Arab causes in the United Nations General Assembly “UNGA” in the twenty-first century, a subject requires more methodological attention. The emergence of the Turkish new foreign policy paradigm has resulted in changing its position towards Arab issues, which has shifted from neutrality and indifference to leadership and pro-Arab causes. The data of this study confirmed that Turkey largely supports Arab issues related to the Palestine issue and the ArabIsraeli conflict during the third millennium. However, when it comes to Arab issues of a controversial nature, such as human rights and the Arab-Arab conflicts, Turkish support becomes less clear. Therefore, the environmental changes surrounding Turkey have resulted in increased support for Arab issues in the third millennium, a link that was missing in the context of the traditional Paradigm of Turkish foreign policy.
Kashiem, Mustafa A. A(5-2021)

الجهة: University of Southern California (USC) arabic 20 English 109
Malek M. A. Bushheua(5-1986)