Italy's migration policy reflects a dynamic process since the early 1990s when human trafficking and illegal migration became salient issues on the national and global levels. Italy migration policy interacts and adapts to the surrounding internal and external environments. As far as the method of this study is concerned, a legitimate question was asked: Is Italy national interest navigates its migration policy more than its global commitments? This study assumes that internal and external elements affect Italy migration policy; therefore, it was divided into four main sections: the internal-external aspects of Italy migration policy outputs, external causes of Italy migration dilemma, continuity and change in Italy migration policy. Since the focus of this study is on the internal-external aspects of Italy migration policy output; the process of making laws and concluding treaties and agreements was described and analyzed through a comparative perspective. Further emphasis was on the impact of globalization, sub-Saharan Africa underdevelopment and Libya instability upon this policy. Several aspects of continuity, e.g., adopting enforced controls approach, and change, e.g., internal and external milieus, are identified. The findings of this study indicate that Italy migration policy is not only succeeded in the process of interacting and responding to the internal-external environments, e. g., concluding the agreement with Libya in 2017, but it also reflects a human dimension, e.g., saving illegal migrants lives overseas. The results of this study largely support the underlying hypothesis that assumes the impact of internal and external elements upon Italy migration policy. Keywords: Illegal migrants, Italian policy, internal and external elements, continuity and change, globalization, Sub-Sahara Africa, underdevelopment, and Libya instability. arabic 13 English 80
Mustafa A. A. Kashiem(1-2018)

Turkey’s policy has become more interested in the Islamic roots of Turkey. Furthermore, global changes have once again brought Turkey's attention to the Arab and Islamic worlds. The relationship between Turkey and the Arab World is old as one can remember. Geographical proximity and cultural ties are among the prominent factors that enhanced the relationship between Turkey on the one hand, and the Arab World on the other hand. The relationship between Turkey and the Arab World becomes more complicated when secularism adopted as a doctrine by modern Turkey. Furthermore, the Arabs during the 1950s and 1960s split into many independent states with different political and ideological orientations. Nevertheless, the focus of this paper is not to describe and analyze the historical-cultural ties between Turkey and the Arab World. Instead, the focus will be on the Turkish support of Arab causes in the United Nations General Assembly “UNGA” in the twenty-first century, a subject requires more methodological attention. The emergence of the Turkish new foreign policy paradigm has resulted in changing its position towards Arab issues, which has shifted from neutrality and indifference to leadership and pro-Arab causes. The data of this study confirmed that Turkey largely supports Arab issues related to the Palestine issue and the ArabIsraeli conflict during the third millennium. However, when it comes to Arab issues of a controversial nature, such as human rights and the Arab-Arab conflicts, Turkish support becomes less clear. Therefore, the environmental changes surrounding Turkey have resulted in increased support for Arab issues in the third millennium, a link that was missing in the context of the traditional Paradigm of Turkish foreign policy.
Kashiem, Mustafa A. A(5-2021)

لقد أثرت عملية برشلونة على الأمن الاقتصادي العربي سلبا، حيث يطمح الاتحاد الأوروبي إلي إقامة منطقة تجارة حرة في إطار حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط. وبالرغم من مساعي الجامعة العربية إلي ضم البلدان العربية غير المتوسطية إلي عملي برشلونة، إلا أن جهودها قد فشلت في هذا الشأن. arabic 119 English 0
مصطفى عبد الله أبو القاسم خشيم(1-1996)