Abstract Biocides (disinfectants and antiseptics) are used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of applications. However, their antibacterial effectiveness is not always well stated by the manufacturers and consumers find it difficult to choose the right product according to their needs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate practically achieves disinfection efficacy of locally available disinfectants and antiseptics on surfaces and infectious microbiological utilities of Tripoli Medical Center (TMC). Fourteen biocides; Ten disinfectants (Dex36, Dex50, Dex53, Mzid-S, Mzid-AF, Deson, Dettol, Seem, Chlor and Wipol) and four antiseptics (HiBi, Esept, Emed and Desman) were tested at concentrations recommended by manufacturers on surfaces, walls and different utilities that were contaminated by locally circulating six isolates of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, staphylococcus aureus, Klebscilla pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using four standard evaluation test procedures (capacity test, diffusion test, in-use test and suspension test). Results showed the highest average log reduction (7.4) of test bacteria was given by quaternary ammonium based disinfectants; Dex50, Dex53, Deson-AF and Mzid-S. A comparable average log reduction of test bacteria was noted (7.0, 7.2 and 7.3) for Deson-AF, Dex.50 and Dex.53 respectively. In contrast HiBi as an alcoholic based antiseptic gave the highest average log reduction (7.2) against tested bacteria. Desman, Emed and Wipol antiseptics had poor antibacterial activity on tested bacteria causing almost undetectable log reduction in cell viability. From contamination point of view, five critical departments in Tripoli Medical Centre (TMC) namely; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Surgical ICU, Dermatology, Oncology, and Urology departments were found contaminated with six types of bacteria. Bacillus cereuses followed by Klebscilla pneumonia were the most bacteria spread in whole five mentioned departments, particularly in dermatology department. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was next most widespread bacterium and almost isolated equally from the five medical departments. Acinetobacter baumannii had been isolated from Neonatal ICU; whereas Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had been isolated from Oncology Department and Surgical ICU respectively. In addition, Dex36, Chlor, Chlor, Wipol, Desman and E-med exhibited bacterial contamination in both capacity and in-use tests. In conclusions, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and combination of QACs with aldehyde formulations were found to be the best disinfectants for disinfection of contaminated surfaces.
عتيقة صالح الهادي (2016)

Abstract: With limited classroom, time, in appropriate approaches used in dealing with writing, can cause many problems for teachers and learners. In addition, in the perception of many teachers and some learners writing in English, is not within the scope of their objectives in the first place. A language program and teachers using it may not view time used in writing in classes as well time spent, preferring the time to be spent on more active aspects of language learning, such as learning the language grammar and vocabulary. Unlike speaking and reading, writing is generally a silent reflective activity, “especially productive writing”. Also, many teachers regard emphasizing the development of the learners writing ability as something that takes care of itself, or as a side matter that can be taken care of in the form of an occasional homework. In fewer words writing is less fortunate as well as the other productive skill “speaking in relation to the perceptive skill" listening and speaking "in teaching language. This research attempts to find an answer to the following question: “why do English learners in preparatory schools in Libya fail to learn to write? Therefore, it aims at finding, and pointing out the causes of the problems that face 3rd year preparatory learners in acquiring the ability to write English properly, that is, from the linguistic and educational perspective.
نجاة علي بن غزالة (2012)

Abstract Lexical competence can be defined as one's ability to use words differently and fully. This study is an attempt to investigate the effective techniques for testing the lexical competence in foreign language teaching. The study consists of four chapters. Chapter one is an introduction to the study. It focuses on the background of the study, and the problem of the study as well as the purpose and the hypotheses of the study. Chapter two deals with the definitions, characteristics, types and methods for testing lexical competence were given. This chapter also focuses on the testing language skills and what to test in testing learners' lexical competence. Chapter three is the practical part of the study. It includes subjects of the study and data for the study. The data consisted of the students' test and the teachers' questionnaire with their analysis and results. Chapter four is concerned with the concluding remarks that have been drawn from the study. Some recommendations on the appropriate use of testing vocabulary are also suggested in order to overcome the teachers and the student’s problems for techniques in testing and teaching lexical competence.
حميدة علي الباوندي (2015)