Abstract The study area is located in and around Umm Ar Razam village, about 50 Km east of Darnah city, north-eastern Libya. In this study many claystone sections were studied. These claystones belong to the lowermost part of Al Faidiyah formation of Upper Oligocene – Lower Miocene age. The studied sections consist of claystone beds ranging in thickness about 10 meters. These bentonitic clays are generally grey to greenish grey in colour, with popcorn – like appearance. They have a waxy character and are exposed sporadically in this area as isolated outcrops. They might be deposited in lagoonal, lacustrine or shallow marine environment. The main purpose of this thesis is to study the origin and to evaluate the Umm Ar Razam bentonitic clays. For example, lithology, mineralogy, the chemical composition, crystal forms and habits, physical properties, industrial uses and treatment will be investigated. The Results showed that these clays consist of the minerals Na- montmorillonite, Kaolinite, and Illite. Non – clay minerals includes quartz, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, muscovite, rutile, sanidine, and tridymite. Moreover, clay mineral fraction studies using the different techniques showed that these bentonitic clays were formed due to in situ alteration of volcanic ash in subaquous environment. Evidences for such an occurrence include mineralogical evidence as the existence of high temperature minerals as sanidine, rutile, and tridymite. The existence of unaltered volcanic ash as seen from SEM photomicrographs also supports this origin. Furthermore, XRF results showed downward depletion of silica right below these bentonitic clays 6 in calcarenite beds of Al Abraq formation. XRF results also showed that the Umm Ar Razam bentonites are in accordance with the American bentonites and the parent material of such bentonites came from basic volcanic ash materials. In addition, the viscosity and the filtration of Umm Ar Razam bentonite is nearly identical with the international bentonite by adding (Soda Ash) and (Na2 SiO3 ) with special treatment method. The cost of the Enhanced Umm Ar Razam bentonite is less than of the imported bentonite cost. Based on the physical and chemical properties these bentonites can be used in many industries especially as building materials and drilling fluids.
فيصل عياد أبو سهمين (2009)

Abstract The area of study is located in the southeastern part of Block NC98 and is informally named C-Structure area, and it is completely situated in the center of Al Hameimāt Trough, South East Sirt Basin, Libya. The main reservoir rock in this structure is the Upper Nubian Sandstone Member, whereas the Reworked Sandstone Unit and Transitional Beds are considered as secondary reservoir rocks. These reservoirs are mainly composed of sandstone to argillaceous sandstone. The Upper Nubian Sandstone reservoir quality is adversely affected by volcanic rocks especially the thick intercalation of volcanoclastics within the Upper Nubian Sandstone. The Upper Nubian Sandstone Member was deposited during Early Albian times. The Reworked Sandstone Unit was possibly deposited in Cenomanian? to Turonian times and may be related to the overlying Transition Beds.Up to date, four wells have been drilled in this structure (C1-NC98, C2-NC98, C3-NC98 and C4-NC98) and were targeting the clastic reservoirs of the Upper Nubian Sandstone and/or overlying Upper Cretaceous Transitional beds and Reworked Sandstone unit. Only C1-NC98 and C2-NC98 wells have tested significant hydrocarbon in the Upper Nubian and Reworked Sandstone unit whereas C3-NC98 and C4-NC98 wells have tested no hydrocarbon in both reservoirs and are abandoned as dry wells. This study is aimed to validate the stratigraphical aspects, depositional environment and reservoir quality assessment in order to decipher the reasons of drilled dry holes. The obtained results are anticipated to provide valuable geological information for the current and future prospect evaluation in the area. All available wire line logs of C wells (C1-NC98, C2-NC98, C3-NC98 and C4-NC98) and adjacent wells have been used to correlate the stratigraphy of the Pre-Upper and Upper Cretaceous silisiclastic sediments in the area of study.Representative core samples across the reservoir rocks of the candidate wells have been laid down for core description. The acquired results have been integrated with conventional core analysis and petrographic results to investigate the lithofacies characterization and depositional environment in order to sub-divide them into different lithofacies.Different types of geological maps have been prepared in this research (e.g. stratigraphical/structural cross sections, subcrop maps, isobach maps, structure contour maps and etc.) to delineate the formation extension and correlation. Burial history diagrams across all depositional sequences in the candidate wells were also prepared to identify the depositional scenario and to estimate the time span of tectonic subsidence along the depositional sequences.The results of all available geological studies which recently have been carried out by Waha Oil Company in the area of study and adjacent areas have been reviewed, elaborated and integrated with the results of this study to assess the discussion and final conclusion. The final results of sedimentological study indicates that there is no major effect of diagenetic processes on the reservoir rocks during and after the deposition. As a consequence, C3-NC98 and C4-NC98 wells were drilled in an area of poor reservoir quality of Reworked Sandstone and Upper Nubian reservoirs due to the existence of thick sequences of clay and siltstone which were mostly deposited in levee and over bank sub-environments of likely combined braided and meandering river. Whereas, C1 and C2-NC98 oil wells were drilled in an area of good reservoir quality of Reworked Sandstone and Upper Nubian Sandstone reservoirs where the sand bars sub-environment are deposited as a thick sequence of clean sands carrying the genetic of good reservoir properties. Therefore, the reservoir rocks in this area have different properties due to different sub-environment of deposition. This new results will probably assess the prospect generation and evaluation for the future drilling activity in the area of study.The encountered volcanoclastic sediments in well C2-NC98 reveals that this sediment is likely transported by river from the area of volcanic eruption to the area of deposition rather than in situ eruption. This type of volcano is likely applied to cinder cone volcano type where the pyroclastic fragments are not cemented together and thus easy to erode. Therefore, the intercalation of volcanoclastic sediment in Upper Nubian Sandstone has no marked effect in the reservoir rocks.Burial history curves of wells C1-NC98, C2-NC98, C3-NC98 and C4NC98 indicate three major subsidence events took place during Early Cretaceous time (Early Aptian - Early Albian), Late Cretaceous time (Turonian - Maastrichitian) and the Palaeocene - Eocene subsidence. However, Plaeocene - Eocene subsidence shows the highest subsidence rate with comparison to the other two subsidence rates.
محمد عمار هامان (2015)

Abstract The Sarir Sandstone in Messla Oil Field are of Lower Cretaceous ageAptian Alpian and occur in the subsurface of the eastern part of the Messla high in the southeast Sirt Basin. The Sarir Sandstone interpret as fluvial and alluvial fan deposits whereas the Lower Sarir Sandstone were deposited in a braided system as inter-channel bars. The Upper Sarir Sandstone were deposited in the meandering belt of the fluvial system. The Sarir Sandstone is on-lapping Formation and wedge out against Rakb Group. The Sarir Sandstone is unconformable overlies the Pre-Cambrian Basement and unconformable overlain by the Upper-Cretaceous Rakb Group where it is pinching (wedging) out against the Bald Basement; Messla High)). Lithostratigraphic correlations of borehole logs ((well logs)) in concession 65 suggests that deposits gradually downed a fault controlled topographic surface increased in thickness on the down-thrown side of a fault controlled the topographic surface of Pre-Upper Cretaceous Unconformity. IV M. Sc. Hassin Haweel “Sedimentological Aspects of the Sarir Sandstone in Messla Oil Field”, 2015 Core Samples record mainly sandstone units interbedded with sandstone and shale and minor streaks and the Red Shale Unit. Estimation of depositional environment has thus been made from grain size analyses using thin sections. Petrographic studies show that the Sarir Sandstone in composition from (subarkose to arkosic arenite). The Sandstones range from texturally immature to submature, however, much of the clay content is diagenetic in origin and not a function of the depositional regime. Diagenetic studies reveal a gnite complex paragenesis. During early diagenesis, the Sarir Sandstones were modified by Calcite, dolomite, and locally pyrite, diagenesis process; replacements of corroded silica by carbonates. Cementation fluvial sandstones Intrastratal dissolution and precipitation of kaolinite in the resulting pore space. Deformation of micas between more resistant grainy pre-dates one phase of quartz overgrowth, probably the carbonates.The purpose of this study was to investigate in detail the characteristics of the Sarir Sandstone in Messla Oil Field. Another aim was to find out the relation to the adjacent area. The method of this study was conducted with the review of the previousworks in Messla Oil Field; published papers, the open file of the Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO), well files for the data to be used in constructing maps, cross sections and profiles. Four cored wells (418 feet) V M. Sc. Hassin Haweel “Sedimentological Aspects of the Sarir Sandstone in Messla Oil Field”, 2015 were used for the core descriptions and cut samples that represent the Sarir Sandstone and (130) thin sections were used for the Petrographic analysis with polarized and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). On the other hand, XRD and XRF were not available. The results of the study were: Subsurface investigations including cores (conventional and side walls), petrographic analysis, and wire-line logs suggested that this formation (Sarir Sandstone) can be divided in to three main units in Messla Oil Field; these units are: The Lower Sarir Sandstone, the Red Shale, and the Upper Sarir Sandstone. In the adjacent area Sarir Formation was divided in to five members; Pre-Upper Cretaceous Member-1 unconformably overlying Pre-Cambrian Basement, and upwards; Member 2, Member 3, Member 4, and Member 5 unconformably overlain by Rakb Group. The Lower Sarir Sandstone in Messla Oil Field is characterized by the presence of gravely sandstone, gradually changes in to the Red Shale. Also, from the core descriptions plotted sheets, and the well logs it is finning upwards. The quarzitic sandstones of (the Lower and the Upper Sarir Sandstones) are considered to be the main producing horizons where quartz grains have undergone a complex diagenetic history, including: Authigenesis, quartz and feldspar overgrowths, dissolution, carbonates cementation, and replacement. The principal conclusion was that: the gravelly sandstone unit at the Lower part of the Lower Sarir Sandstone was deposited, most likely in a braided system as inter-channel bars. The sandstone unit of the Upper Sarir VI M. Sc. Hassin Haweel “Sedimentological Aspects of the Sarir Sandstone in Messla Oil Field”, 2015 Sandstone was deposited in the meandering belt of the fluvial system. The shale facies of the Red Shale unit represents a well-developed break between the Lower Sarir Sandstone and Upper Sarir Sandstone units; it also provides a good seal for the underlying sandstone of the Lower Sarir Sandstone. The nature of the shale facies, (i.e. lack of organic content, and presence of oxidizing conditions indicated by iron oxides color, indicate that they are not a significant source of hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the Rakb Shale isthe only source rock in the studied and adjacent areas.
حسين محمد علي حويل (2015)