Libya has witnessed a democratic transition process since the early months of 17th February Revolution, 2011. However, after eight years, there is still a gap in the literature about this topic. Thus, this study aims to fulfil a part of this gap by describing and analyzing the Libyan attitudes towards the democratic the transition process in Libya post Kaddafi era during the years, 2012-2014. Currently, the Libyans view themselves as participants in the democratic process that Libya is enjoying since August 2011, when the declaration of the liberating of Libyan was announced by the President ofthe Interim Transitional National Council “ITNC” in Benghazi. The findings of this study demonstrate that the Libyans are no longer view themselves as belonging to parochial or subjective political cultures; and therefore, the rate of registration on the 7thof July 2012 election reached 93%, whereas the ratio of the actual voting reached 65% of the total eligible voters. The negative attitudes towards Kaddafi’s regime have changed into positive patterns after the victory of 7thFebruary Revolution. These positive attitudes towards participation culture are spilled over towards the new political system as well as its internal and external policies. Nevertheless, negative attitudes towards issues that threat the national identity have been reported as the majority of the participants rejected federalism as a political system for the new Libya. The findings also indicate that issues related to Amazigh language, liberal democracy and forgiveness with Kaddafi’s supporters before the interim￾justice takes place were also rejected by a large portion of the sample. Keywords: ITNC, NPC, the Interim Constitutional Declaration, system attitudes, process attitudes, policy attitudes.
Mustafa Abdalla A. Kashiem(6-2019)

The Politics of irregular immigration in Italy is a dynamic process since the early 1990s when human trafficking and illegal migration became salient issues on the national, regional, and global levels. Italy’s migration policy interacts and adapts to the internal and external variables. Immediate questions may ask by scholars, such as what are the internal and external dimensions of Italy’s migration policy? Is the Libyan crisis affects the Politics of Irregular Immigration in Italy? Is Italy’s national interest navigates its migration policy more than its regional and global commitments? This study assumes that the Libyan crisis influences Italy’s migration policy. While this study deals with the Libyan crisis as the independent variable, Italy’s immigration policy deals with it as the dependent variable. Accordingly, this study is dividing into four main sections: Italy’s migration policy, the external dimension of Italy’s migration policy, the impact of Libya’s crisis on Italy’s migration policy, and a conclusion.
Mustafa A. A. Kashiem(12-2021)

يمكن وصف وتحليل عملية التنمية الاقتصادية على المستويين القومي والمحلي. فالتنمية المكانية والمحلية هي محور اهتمام هذه الورقة التي تهدف الي التعرف على الموارد الاقتصادية لبلدية الزاوية، حيث يلاحظ وجود ثروات مادية وزراعية وسمكية يمكن استغلالها في تحقيق نمو اقتصادي محلي. arabic 92 English 0
د. مصطفى عبد الله أبوالقاسم خشيم(1-2007)