Cement is still the most popular binder used in buildings construction. The volume of cement production in the world since 2013 has remained at the level of approximately 4.1 billion tons. The cement production process is energy intensive and is the world’s leading emitter of carbon dioxide. Therefore, the main activities cement plants are aimed at introducing technologies changes in production of clinkier (Edwards, 2019).The construction industry is responsible for the majority of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere: the industry emits 30% of total CO2, building emits 28%, transportation is responsible for 22% of CO2, the production of building materials causes 11% of CO2 emissions, including the cement industry is responsible for around 7% of emissions CO2. Other industries are responsible for around 9% of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere (Amran et al., 2020). The process of burning raw materials for the production of clinker is the most important stage of the entire cement production process (Mikulˇci´c et al., 2013; Andrew, 2019). Cement kiln dust (CKD) is waste generated during the production of clinker. The dust collected in the dust collectors is partly reused in the production process and some is stored. The storage method is not preferred due to its operations negative environmental impact. If the dust contains alkalis, chlorides, sulphates, or heavy metals, they cannot be recycled. Generally cement plants strive to reduce the formation of dust. About 1.5 tons of raw materials are used to produce 1 ton of clinker. After the extraction, grinding, and homogenization of rawmaterials, the process of calcination of calcium carbonate takes place.
Hakim S. Abdelgader(1-2022)

Abstract Determination of the in-situ engineering properties of subsurface ground materials has always been a challenge for geotechnical engineers. Several in –situ test methods have been developed. Dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT) is one of the in-situ penetration tests which have been widely used to determine the geotechnical parameters of soil. The dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT) is a quick and easy to set up and run onsite. Due to the economy and simplicity of the test, better understanding of correlations between its results and the geotechnical parameters of soil can reduce significantly the efforts and cost to evaluate the engineering properties of ground materials. In this research, a light weight simple DCP device was used for evaluation of some engineering properties of Tripoli sand. The device consisted of an 8kg hammer that drops over a height of 575 mm and drives a 60o cone tip with 20 mm base diameter into the ground. The intention of this investigation is to obtain sufficient data to establish appropriate and reliable correlations among soil parameters and DCPT results. In order to investigate the effect of fine material content on the correlations between the geotechnical parameters and the penetration index (PI) of the DCPT of Tripoli sand, soil samples of different fine material content have been prepared and tested. This research presents the results of the laboratory tests as well as the analysis and discussion of these results. Based on the analysis of test results, the relationships between the DCPT results (penetration index, PI) and the geotechnical parameters of Tripoli sand such as relative density and CBR value are obtained. In this study penetration index of the dynamic cone penetration test from the laboratory prepared samples were correlated with laboratory CBR,s for a number of different soil types. Unique models were found for each type of soil with good coefficient of determination (R2). The combined data gave also a correlation between CBR and penetration index PI which compare very well with those obtained from other studies. There is no clear correlation between the penetration index and both the dry density (gr/cm3) and relative density, with wide scatter and a low coefficient of determination (R2) value.
نورالدين سالم الكثاري (2011)

Download PDF Research Article - Civil EngineeringPublished: 31 July 2019Investigation on Mode I Fracture Behavior of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer CompositesNeha P. Asrani, G. Murali, […]K. Karthikeyan  Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering volume 44, pages8545–8555(2019)Cite this article 225 Accesses 4 Citations Metricsdetails Abstract Recent reports in the literature have shown that fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites (FRGC) made with monofibers exhibit a significant enhancement in fracture energy. However, many aspects of the fracture performance of hybrid fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites (HFRGC) remain largely unexploited, and these are predominant for the structures. For the first time, the mode I fracture energy of HFRGC is investigated. The mode I behavior was assessed using pre-notched beams in accordance with the RILEM three-point bending test. Five different HFRGC mixtures were prepared using three fiber types: steel, polypropylene and glass (SF, PF and GF). The parameters of the pre-notched beam in flexure tested in this study were the first crack and peak load, crack mouth opening displacement at the first crack load and peak load, equivalent tensile strength, post-peak slope, reinforcing index, residual tensile strength and fracture energy. The results reveal that there is a positive interaction amidst the fibers in geopolymer composites that leads to an enhancement in the mode I fracture energy compared to the reference specimen. This study probes the influence of novel HFRGC while producing high-quality concrete, which can then be leveraged for sustainable infrastructure and various civil engineering works. arabic 15 English 79
Hakim Salem Abdelgader Abdelgader (7-2019)