Abstract An atomic bomb or any normal bomb may be exploded in the air or at or near the surface of the earth. The medium in which the bomb is burst determines to a large extent the relative magnitudes of the various damaging effects. The detonation of an atomic weapon releases a largeamount of energy in a fraction of a second. During this time the bombcomponents are volatilized into a sphere of hot compressed gas at a temperature of millions of degrees and a pressure of the order of hundredsof thousands of atmospheres. This phenomenon is characterized by an instantaneous and very rapid rise to a maximum pressure followed by a decline to sub-atmospheric pressure and then a gradual return to normal pressure. In this thesis the definitions and types of explosives and explosions are studied, effects of the different types of explosions are explained, transition of atomic air blast pressure from center of explosion to buildings are presented, determination of atomic air blast loading on buildings is studied as well.
أحمد عبدالرحيم سليمان (2008)

Two-stage concrete (TSC) is known by various names such as colcrete, Polcrete, preplaced aggregate concrete and prepacked concrete. It is different from traditional concrete in two fundamental ways, namely method of construction and mix proportion. Two-stage concrete (TSC) is defined as firstly, coarse aggregates are placed into the formwork and grout is applied to fill in the between coarse aggregate particles voids. Secondly, the percentage of coarse aggregates in the mix proportion of TSC is higher than that in normal concrete. The typical value is about 60% as compared with 40% in traditional concrete. As coarse aggregates are preplaced first, they can occupy up to 60–70% of the total volume. As coarse aggregates are not involved in the mixing process, TSC is environmentally friendly with lesser consumption of energy. With a higher content of aggregates, TSC reduces the use of cement by 20–30% and may minimize the temperature rise. Engineering properties of TSC, including its stress–strain relationship, is mainly governed by the properties of coarse aggregates as stress is transferred from the skeleton of aggregates to hardened grout. Main advantages of TSC include a higher volume of coarse aggregates and the ability to use larger size coarse aggregates. The latter also reduces the cost of crushing. TSC has beneficial properties such as low drying shrinkage, high bonding strength, high modulus of elasticity, and excellent durability. The method of TSC has proved particularly useful in a number of applications like underwater construction, and masonry repair, where placement by conventional methods is extremely difficult. The method is also applicable in case of massive concrete where low heat of hydration is required. It is studied the feasibility of casting two stage concrete with 100% steel slag as coarse aggregate. In term of formulation, to adopt two stage concreting method we could minimize the risk of concrete bleeding and segregation due to high water absorption and quite high density of slag aggregate. The effect of slag coal ash and foamed glass on the mechanical properties of two-stage concrete has rarely been reported. Thus, the development of an eco-efficient alkali-activated grout for two-stage concrete is a new research topic that has no robust results to draw solid conclusions and it should blaze the track towards a cleaner production of building materials with outstanding sustainability.
Hakim S. Abdelgader(1-2022)

Abstract The ever-growing numbers of people and vehicles seen by the Libyan cities at the present time, and the consequent increase economic and social development was held after the last incumbent to think of future supply in the system of road network in Tripoli after a decade or several decades to respond to the request and in particular the urgent need for radical solutions to all problems of congestion and bottlenecks and traffic accidents that were not the same size, severity and loss of physical and moral than ever before. This study addressed the focus of transportation planning, transport and highlighted the various stages of transport planning and reviewed the most important models used to predict the future traffic volumes, a resurgence or trip generation, trip distribution, mode of choice and traffic Assignment, where the focus of this study the first type of models which trip generation in the study area in Tripoli. And has been a review of some international studies in this area in both the United States of America, China, Korea, Iran, Nigeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the focus in these studies to examine the variables affecting the creation of trips, the so-called independent variables affecting a number of family members and the number of vehicles and number of employees and income, the same factors that have been taken into account in the study area in Tripoli. Were identified the study area within the Centre for the city of Tripoli Commercial (CBD) called green belt area and specifically (range locality Martyrs coast and Aleneuvliyn), which recently experienced jams unprecedented, was the use of both methods for regression analysis to create a mathematical model is calculated both (Average trips, vehicle trips, and work trips) and Cross Classification Analysis to find work trips of the classification (number of vehicles / household size) and finding vehicle trips from category (the number of employees / income). Data were collected and information on the ground and through the questionnaire prepared by families in the region through the use of home Meetups and interviews necessary for the formation of mathematical models for the study and were compared with the results of both methods as used was to highlight the most important software modern and universally used in the travel demand. The study concluded the adoption of two models of regression to find trips generated, the first to find the average trips and the second vehicle trips The model work trips, he was excluded for being unfit, the Statistical The comparison higher efficiency of the regression model vehicle trips than cross classification analysis table to find the estimated values in generated trip, as a set of recommendations aimed at reducing the obstacles and difficulties in finding and the formation of specialized models to calculate the demand for mobility in cities of Libya
أمل فتح الله زايد (2010)