بناءً على ما جاء في نتائج برنامج البحث الاستراتيجي للطرق Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) والذي تم في امريكا 1994 وهو إعادة النظر في و دراسة كل ما كان يجري من عمليات في تصميم وإنشاء الطرق والذي كان من أهم نتائجه إلغاء التصنيف السابق للمادة الرابطة الإسفلتية والمعتمد على درجة الغرز(Penetration Grades) ودرجة اللزوجة (Viscosity Grades) وأستبدل بتصنيف جديد يعتمد على درجة أداء (Performance Grades) (PG) المادة الرابطة الإسفلتية أثناء الخدمة وعلى الظروف المناخية بالحقل حيث يتم تحديد المادة الرابطة الإسفلتية المناسبة لإنشاء طريق بأي موقع بناءً على درجة حرارة الرصف القصوى والدنيا والتي يتم الحصول عليها بالقياس المباشر أو باستخدام معادلة رياضية تحسب درجة حرارة الرصف بالاعتماد على كل من ( درجة حرارة الهواء و دائرة العرض محل المشروع) لموقع الطريق يأتي هذا البحث للرصد المباشر لكل من ( درجة حرارة الرصف ودرجة حرارة الهواء وكمية الإشعاع الشمسي ) من خلال تنفيذ محطة رصد لهذا الغرض بشمال غرب ليبيا ضمن برنامج شامل يغطي جميع اقاليم ليبيا المختلفة وذلك للحصول على درجة الرصف القصوى والدنيا بموقع المحطة وقد انتج الباحث عدد من النماذج الرياضية ( معادلات ) تمثل العلاقة بين درجة حرارة الرصف وكل من درجة حرارة الهواء وكمية الإشعاع الشمسي وإنتخاب أفضل هذه النماذج لتكون نماذج محلية يمكن إستخدامها لتوقع درجة حرارة الرصف بجميع مناطق شمال غرب ليبيا ومقارنة النماذج المحلية بالنماذج المستخدمة بنظام الرصف الممتاز (Superpave) ونموذج برنامج (LTPP) وهو إختصار ل ((Long Term Pavement Performance فكانت النتيجة إنَّ النماذج المنتجه بهذه الدراسة أكثر ملائمة لتقدير درجة حرارة الرصف بشمال غرب ليبيا من النموذجين المذكورين وبالإعتماد على درجة حرارة الرصف القصوى والدنيا المتحصل عليها بالرصد المباشر بمحطة الرصد تم تحديد المادة الرابطة الإسفلتية المناسب استخدامها بالطرق بموقع المحطة وبشمال غرب ليبيا وفقاً لنظام الأداء (Performance Grades) . Abstract According to the results of the strategic highway research program in the U.S.A. (SHRP) Known as Superpave System ,that has been introduced in the nineties of last century The previous methods that still used for mix design and selection of binder use in our country proved to be not suitable and replaced with modern methods that depends on the performance of the binder according to the climate of the area According to the new procedure the selection of the binder depends on the maximum and minimum pavement temperature. The required pavement temperature could be measured actually or estimated by using a special mathematical model. Considering that asphalt pavements in Libya suffers from many distresses, much of them related to the environmental factors .Hence it was necessary to investigate the applicability of the models developed for this method to Libya’s environmental conditions and more generally to the hot arid climate. This research is part of a Comprehensive study aims to develop models to predict high and low Flexible pavement temperatures in Libya. A pavement monitoring station was set-up at the North West of Libya to monitor air, pavement temperatures and solar radiation. The temperatures were recorded at different points through the pavement depth. Collected data were analyzed to develop the low and high temperature models by using air temperature and solar radiation as independent variables. The developed models were compared with the SHRP and LTPP models. The Local models were found to be more suitable than the SHRP and LTPP models for predicting pavement temperatures in the Northern west part of Libya.
أحمد حسن المختار (2008)

In reinforced concrete design, the concrete in the tensile zone is assumed to be ineffective and increase the dead load of the structural elements. In order to reduce the self-weight, this paper examines the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing lightweight concrete in the tensile region and normal weight concrete in the rest of the beam. The lightweight concrete was made from waste polystyrene. Four reinforced concrete beams were prepared with different depth of lightweight concrete. The control beam B1 consists of normal concrete. In Beams B2, B3 and B4, the depth of lightweight concrete was 25%, 50% and 75% of the total depth of the beam measured from the bottom surface respectively. A four-point bending test was conducted on all beams. The beams were loaded in increments until failure. At each load increment, the central deflection was determined. Cracks initiation and the mode of failure were observed during the experiment. The failure load was found to decreases with the increase of depth of lightweight concrete. The presence of lightweight aggregate tends to cause brittle failure. In addition, the mode of failure for reinforced concrete beams containing lightweight concrete was a shear failure. arabic 11 English 79
Hakim S. Abdelgader(6-2020)

This research aims to experimentally evaluate the behaviour of multi-layered fibrous cementitious composites with intermediate Glass Fibre Meshes (GFM) under repeated projectile load. The impact load was subjected through a convex edge projectile needle at a low velocity on cylindrical specimens of three-layered fibrous cementitious composites, which have two different steel fibre distributions. In series A mixtures, a constant steel fibre dosage of 2.5% by volume was used. On the other hand, the fibre dosage of the outer layers was 3.0%; while it was 1.5% in the middle layer of series B mixtures. The number of intermediate GFM was the variable that distinguishes the mixtures of each series. The resistance to projectile impacts was evaluated on the basis of penetration depth, near surface distortion, weight loss, damage ratio and failure pattern. The test results showed that due to the combined effect of steel fibre and GFM, significantly lower weight losses were recorded for series A and B specimens compared with reference specimens. However, the different fibre distributions (series B) led to lower penetration depths and weight losses with less surface distortion compared with the fixed fibre distribution (series A). The reduction in the destroyed front surface area of series A specimens compared with reference specimens ranged from 27.8 to 38.1%; while that of series B specimens ranged from 34.8 to 53.4%. In addition, a simplified analytical model was introduced to predict the ejected composite mass. The model predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental masses. arabic 9 English 71
Hakim S. Abdelgader (1-2021)