Abstract The success of projects are depends on the people involve and how they tackle the design of the projects for specific needs, planning of activities, budget cost and execution to achieve the ultimate goal. Each phase of the project contributes an important task and this will reflect on how good the project management handled by the team.Project management means managing all the relevant activities of the project within the given constraints of time and cost, however , to complete specified project as per schedule and within the allocated budget, an accurate planning and optimization of all available resources will be required to complete all the tasks.During the projects, changes can occur even though the original scope may have been carefully planned. These changes might occur at any times and in ways that are unexpected.Changes during project execution can significantly affect not only time schedule but may affect also the economical aspect of the project. This phenomenon can be considered as normal and experienced world wide especially in the third world countries wherein lack of technical knowledge and resources are major problems.This study concerns the majority of the managerial changes occurred during the project execution step and the role of the organization in handling such changes as competitive and finding solutions in order to manage the project effectively.Many oil companies in Libya were facing numerous problems in the delay of project implementation, poor quality management, planning and poor performance which deviate from the required project objectives. Changes that occur later in the implementation cause serious problems in delaying the project schedule and increasing costs, effectively are reducing the benefits of the project.By Appling the questionnaire that consists of 30 specific questions which have been distributed to 13 Companies under umbrella of National Oil Corporation (N.O.C). Eight out of thirteen companies were responded.The analysis of the data collected from submitted questionnaire has been analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2000. That allows simple setting and manipulation of the data collected.Statistical data and interviews on the respondent companies indicate the following items: Full dependency on the external contractors to fully execute the project implementation that leads to high cost of contracts (EPC contracts).Poor supervision leading to significant delay of the implementation of the project. (Specifically of E P contracts).The Project Implementation profile (PIP technique) has been used on this study to evaluate one of the project which had delay and some other related problems selected random as case study. The analysis covered all the factors for project implementation. Technical factor.Managerial factors.Controlling factors. In order to improve the project management for oil & gas companies listed in this research and to overcome such problems. This study recommends a good communication and coordination system connecting all local petroleum companies and providing data exchange which enables to minimize time, cost personnel and learn from mistakes.
زينب مختار المصري (2007)

This research aims to build a model application of decision-making tools to solve problems associated with the contractor selection for Engineering, procurement and Construction (EPC) projects in the Oil and Gas sector. Taking into consideration the complexity of Oil & Gas projects in terms of technical, safety and environmental aspects, it is critical to choose a competent contractor to build quality plants as per scope specifications and within the specified time and budget. This study also covers problems associated with contractor short listing without proper contractors screening and pre qualifications activities, this might result in low cost bidding from non-competent bidders. Because current local tendering practices favors lowest price regardless of quality, this resulted in enormous problems when executing Oil & Gas projects such as projects failures and delays coupled with the absence of interest in our local market from reputed international EPC contractors. Because contractors screening and bid slate selection is a complex exercise that requires large amount of contractors data gathering and the associated analysis to achieve the required bidders short listing. Therefore, a model for contractors screening and selection was developed in this study where each contractor data base are gathered and analyzed. Such data includes discipline, previous activities, financial exposure, geographical locations, works backlogs and engineering capabilities. The Model called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was designed to improve contractor selection process based on established criteria. In this regard, 48 criteria and categories (mainly contractor capabilities financial, management, technical, resources etc.) were identified. They were mainly drawn from literature reviews, the author previous experience, lessons learned from past projects and NOC’s & IOC’s experience. The 48 categories, and based on subsequent meetings and discussions with several respected local Oil & Gas projects expertise, were divided based on relative importance to contractor selection process into two parts, Primary (7 categories) and Secondary (remaining categories). AHP is a compensatory decision methodology because alternatives that are deficient with respect to one or more objectives can compensate by their performance with respect to other objectives. AHP allows for the application of data, experience insight, and intuition in a logical and thorough way and enabling decision-makers to structure complexity and exercise judgment and allows them to incorporate both Goal Objectives (criteria), Sub-Objectives Alternatives objective and subjective considerations in the decision process. AHP enables decision-makers to derive ratio scale priorities or weights as opposed to arbitrarily assigning them. In so doing, in this research, (MS Excel) was used in addition to (Expert Choice), one of the prepackaged software that was utilized to study the sensitivity of the results and a case study of selecting a contractor. The AHP model is flexible and user friendly and can be applied at different stages of contractor selection process. In addition it can be utilized as a decision-making for a working group by analyzing the inputs of the working group members and highlighting deviations, biases, results and advising corrections. Utilizing AHP model encourages and promotes contracting good practice of national companies and institutions and enhances the decision-making capabilities and provides for a fair guidance while contracting for major Oil & Gas projects in Libya.
حسن محمد الشاوش (2009)

تسعى المنظومات أو المؤسسات المختلفة الخدمية أو الإنتاجية إلى تحقيق أهدافها بتقديم خدماتها أو منتجاتها وفقا لمتطلبات الزبائن وما يحتاجه السوق , ووسط المنافسة على جودة هذة الخدمات أو المنتجات من المؤسسات الأخرى ذات النشاط . وفى ظل ظروف هذه المنافسة كيف يمكن لإدارة هذه المؤسسة أو المنظومة التأكد من أنشتطها وإمكانياتها من أنها مناسبة لتحقيق هذه الأهداف (رضا الزبون) , ومن أنها لا تواجه قصور أو إنحرافات فى القيام بهذه الأنشطة. بناء على ما تقدم يتناول البحث التعريف بأسلوب وتقنية التدقيق وأنواعه وأغراضه ومميزاته وطرق تطبيقه , حيث أنه أداة علمية وعملية من أدوات البحث والإستقصاء يمكن إستخدامه من قبل المنظومات أو المؤسسات ذات الأنشطة المختلفة , للأغراض وللأهداف المتنوعة , مثل التأكد من أن تنفيذ الوظائف والأنشطة مطابق لما أريد أن يكون , ولقياس الأداء وتصحيح الإنحرافات ومعالجة القصور , وأنه يمكن تطبيقه من مصدر داخلى وهو ما يعرف بالتدقيق الداخلى ( إدارة الجودة الخاصة بالمنظومة ) أو من مصدر خارجى ( من الزبون طالب الخدمة أو المنتج كمقدمة للتعاقد , أو من منظمة تخصصية للحصول على علامة جودة معينة ) وهو ما يعرف بالتدقيق الخارجى. ومن ثم يتناول البحث تطبيق أسلوب وتقنية التدقيق عمليا وما يتضمن ذلك من إختيار منظومة خدمية ( منظومة صيانة طائرات ) موضوع الدراسة , ويشمل ذلك دراسة هذه المنظومة من حيث الهيكلية الإدارية وجمع المعلومات الخاصة بالمهام والمسئوليات وإجراءات العمل للأنظمة الرئيسية والفرعية ( الدوائر والأقسام ) الخاصة بها وإعداد خطة تطبيق التدقيق من تحديد نوع التدقيق , إعداد ورقات التدقيق ( قوائم الكشف والإستقصاء) بناءا على دليلي المهام والمسئوليات وإجراءات العمل الخاصة بالمنظومة . ويقدم البحث الدراسة التحليلية لنتائج التدقيق وما يتضمنه من كشف القصور والإنحرافات وتقسيمها وتقييمها والتعريف بمسبباتها , وتقديم المقترحات والتوصيات للمعالجة والتصحيح. Abstract Most of different productive, service Organizations or Institutions trying to attain their objectives, by producing these services or / and products according to the market needs or customer requirement, and through competitiveness of those Services quality from the other Institutions of the same activity. Therefore with the condition of this competition, how can the Organizations ensure that their activities are Suitable to reach these objectives (Customers Satisfaction) and they don't face failures or deviations. As a result this research presenting the audit technique, which including audit definition, types, purposes, and application procedures. As it’s a scientific, practical investigating, and a researching tool, can be used for different purposes and objectives, like ensuring that the activities, functions, are conformance to the desired goals, and for performance measuring, failures or deviation correctiveness. The auditing technique can be performed from internal source (By Organization's Quality Division), which is known as Internal Audit, or from outside source (by the customer for a precontract survey, outside agency for quality registration mark) which is known as External Audit. Then the Auditing technique that is applied in this research includes , Selection of Aircraft maintenance Organization as a case study , and Collecting , studying the data concerning the duties responsibilities and work process of the influential divisions in the Organization , and Selection of the audit type (Internal Process Audit ), it's plan application and Preparing work papers ( Audit Check Lists ( , related to the policy , procedure , and work process manuals of the concerned Organization. The Analytical study of the auditing results will be applied, which includes identifying and classifying the deviations and failures, and evaluating the reasons. At the end we presenting the proposals, recommendations for treatment and corrective action.
أحمد الطاهر السنى (2007)