Abstract An increased emphasis has been placed on the microbiological analysis of raw milk and dairy products designed to evaluate quality and to ensure safety for human consumption. Many microorganisms such as Escherichia coli can contaminate raw milk during milking process or via environmental contamination during different milk-processing methods. Enterohaem- orrhagic Escherichia coli O157 (EHEC) are a major cause of food-borne illnesses in humans. A hundred and seven samples of milk and milk products were collected from some regions (Janzour, Tripoli, Kryamia, Tajoura and Toubrok) in Libya. In the current study, samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for enumeration and isolation of Escherichia coli, which were detected by conventional cultural and molecular method using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Out of the107 samples; 26 positive sample according to culture characteristics were found to be EHEC O157 included cow's milk 10 % (3/ 28), she-camel's milk 33%(3/ 9), goats milk 17 % (1/6) and 25 % (7/28) fermented raw milk samples. Samples of fresh locally made soft cheese (Maasora and Ricotta) were 43% (9/21) and 30% (3/10) respectively, while none of the ice cream samples revealed any growth, but 12 of these 26 sample were confirmed by partial sequencing of 16SrDNA as Escherichia coli (E. coli). Key words: Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli; raw milk; 16S rDNA.
إيناس ماهر عوض علي(1-2016)

Abstract The most common early damage factors that influence the flexible pavement is rutting damage, also known as permanent deformation. this results from the accumulation of small deformations that are not retrieved and occurs every time the wheel passes, as a result of heavy wheel loads. There are two types of rutting. The first type occurs as a result of the high repetition of stresses on subgrade, sub base and base layers under the existing asphalt layer. The second type of rutting occurs as a result of designed asphalt mixes that do not have the sufficient shear strength to withstand repeated heavy loads. The phenomenon of rutting increases on roads with heavy traffic and heavy wheel loads, especially in warmer temperatures. This study is an attempt to contribute to the design of asphalt mixtures of higher resistance to shear through the introduction of a test which measures the shear strength of asphalt mixtures, designed by the Marshall method. This will allow us to determine the optimum asphalt content, which gives greater resistance to shear, and meet the rest of the Marshall test requirements. Also this method can be used to study the effect of different asphalt mixture compositions and properties of asphalt concrete components to produce asphalt mixtures with high resistant to rutting. This study attempts to contribute to the development of shear and bending tests for asphalt mixtures and includes development and manufacturing of equipment and devices used for this purpose. Numerous tests on asphalt mixtures have been conducted, using different types of aggregate, different grading and binder materials to determine the best mixture with high resistance to shear, stability and good performance. Furthermore, this study includes development and manufacturing of a device to measure the double shear and bending test, the development and manufacturing of cylindrical mold to prepare the cylindrical samples for dual direct shear and bending test and development of a method to compact cylindrical samples by making several attempts to compact samples using a cylindrical Marshall equipment. This creates a method capable of producing homogeneous samples similar in density to Marshall samples. Volumetric analysis, stability, flow, shear and bending tests have been performed on bituminous mixture samples. This study concluded that, the maximum values of shear stresses and maximum bending tests of the asphalt mixtures at a temperature of 60 ° C achieved, when Asphalt content very close to the optimum asphalt content for each mixture. Shear stresses and maximum bending of the asphalt mixtures, increase in value when tested at 25 ° C, compared to the same when tested at a temperature of 60 ° C. The study concluded that Marshall properties and the shear and bending tests results for both samples are close to a large extent, this due to the aggregates and bitumen used in asphalt mixes coming from a single source and gradations of the aggregate being too close. Percentage of bitumen content at the maximum values of stability, shear and bending at the same temperature are close to the optimum bitumen content. The value of the maximum shear and bending stresses increases by decreasing temperature. As this study did not include investigation into the effect of different types of aggregate and its grading on shear and bending properties, as the materials used have almost the same properties, it is recommended that a comprehensive study using the developed equipment should be performed to give more knowledge and understanding. The inclusion of different types of aggregate and different binders in bituminous mixtures and investigation into temperatures is recommended.
سلامة عبد السلام المبروك سلامة(1-2016)

المقــدمة ما المعكلات السياسية التـي إحتلـت مكانـة بـارزة فـي تـاريك الفكـر الإنسـاني علـى مــر العصــور معــكلة الســلطة أو الحكــم ، عــتلت العديــد مــا المفكــريا والبــاحايا ، واــد حيــ المجتمــ الإنســانى فــى حاجــة ، إســتمر البحــ فــى ــذـ المعــكلة حتــى عصــرنا إلى أداة تسيرـ، فوجودـ يستلزم وجود سلطة حاكمة تقوم بتنظيم حياته ووظائفه . 6 و اا الإنســـاا لا يســـتطي أا يعـــي بمفـــردـ وبمعـــزل عـــا الأخـــريا لأنـــه فـــي ـــذـ الـذيا يتحينـوا ، الحالة سيكوا محطارا لحماية حياته وممتلكاتـه بنفسـه مـا الطـامعيا فـي حالـة عـدم وجـود اـانوا ، الفرصة المناسبة للقحاء عليه والإستيلاء على ما يملك يقوم بمعاابة الخارجيا عنه ، وبذلك فلـا يـتمكا مـا العـي مسـتقر ومطمـئا إلا إذا انحم إلى الجماعة التي تـوفر لـه الأمـا والأمـاا . ومـا نـا بـرزت العديــــد مــــا النظريــــات المختلفــــة التــــي حــــاول كــــل منـــــا ســــبر أ ــــوار علااــــة الإنســــاا بالطبيعة و بالآخريا . وما أ م تلك النظريات نظرية العقد الإجتماعي عند " وبز "الذى حاول مـا خلالــا أا يعرر أو يبرر ايام الدولة ونعوء المجتم المدني . وحــ ــوبز تصــورـ النظــرى مســتندا إلـــى مجموعــة مــا الأســبا التــي تـــدي بـــالفرد والمجتمــ إلــى تحقيــ الأمــا والإســتقارر ، فالإنســاا فــي نظــ رـ حيــواا أنــاني بطبعــه ، لعـدم وجـود ، حي كاا يعـي فـي المرحلـة الطبيعيـة فـي حالـة فوحـى وحـرو دائمـة أي اــانوا يــنظم العلااــات بــيا الأفــارد ، لـــذا فقــد حــاول تخلــي الأفــارد مــا الخــو الــدائم المســـيطر علـــيـم فــي الحالـــة الطبيعيـــة ر بــة منـــه فـــي تــمميا حياتـــه ،وذلـــك عـــا طريـــ تجســـيد خـــو أعظـــم وأكبـــر مـــا أي ســـلطة أخـــرى ، و ـــي ســـلطة الدولـــة والتـــي يمالــــا صـــاح الســــيادة التـــي لا تقـــوم إلا مــــا خـــلال عقـــد يبــــرم بـــيا الأفـــارد أنفســـــم ويتنازلوا فيه عا جمي حقواـم للحاكم الذي لا يكوا طرفـا فـي ـذا العقـد ويتعــدوا له بالطاعة الكاملة وتنفيذ جمي أوامرـ دوا إ عتارض . 7 وتعرحت في ذا البح إلى منااعة عدد ما الأسئلة منـا : - س /ما الأسبا التي أدت إلى نعمة الفكرة السياسي عند " وبز "؟ . س / ل أساس العقد الإجتماعي و الحاجة أو الخدمة ؟ س / ل الحكومة المالكة للقوة يمكا أا تجسد العدالة داخل الدولة ؟ س / ل حققت القوانيا التي وحعـا " وبز "العدالة للأفارد نوعاا ما داخل الدولة ؟ س / ل فر " وبز " بيا الحكومة والدولة أم جعلـما عيئاا واحداا ؟ س / ل يجوز الاورة على الحاكم في أري " وبز "؟ وكــل فصــل اســم إلــى عــدد مــا المباحــ ، وتــم تقســيم ــذـ الدارســة إلــى أربعــة فصــول والخاتمة :ـ يعـــد الفصـــل الأول و ـــو مـــدخل تـــاريخي لنظريـــة العقـــد الإجتمـــاعي ويعـــتمل علـــى مبحايا
شريفة ساسي محمد الوريمي(1-2010)