LTE’s study phase began in late 2004. The overall goal was to select technology that would keep 3GPP’s Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) at the forefront of mobile wireless well into the next decade. Key project objectives were set in the following areas: peak data throughput; spectral efficiency; flexible channel bandwidths; latency; device complexity; and overall system cost. The main decision was whether to pursue the objectives by continuing to evolve the existing W-CDMA air interface (which incorporates HSPA (highspeed packet access) or adopt a new air interface based on OFDM. arabic 5 English 27
Mariam Abojela Msaad, Amer R. Zerek, Fareda A. Elmaryami(1-2014)

This book chapter describes the place of MPLS in current state-of-the-art computer networking systems which emphasis the use of MPLS as a quality of service technique in different networking environments such as data centers and multimedia networking as a backbone networks. The chapter also includes practical experiments; which applied using OPNET network simulation tool; about transmitting multimedia over IP/MPLS networks and a fat tree data center architecture that employing MPLS. The examples show the feasibility of MPLS as a quality of service tool compared to best-effort IP networks. In addition, this chapter describes an effort of designing a network-on-chip system engaging MPLS mechanism as on-chip communication method which has been completely developed in C++. However, all results clearly confirm that MPLS is an efficient quality of service tool.
Azeddien M. Sllame(4-2021)

: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) micro-arrays present a powerful means of observing thousands of gene terms levels at the same time. They consist of high dimensional datasets, which challenge conventional clustering methods. The data’s high dimensionality calls for Self Organizing Maps (SOMs) to cluster DNA micro-array data. The DNA micro-array dataset are stored in huge biological databases for several purposes . The proposed methods are based on the idea of selecting a gene subset to distinguish all classes, it will be more effective to solve a multi-class problem, and we will propose a genetic programming (GP) based approach to analyze multi-class micro-array datasets. This biological dataset will be derived from multiple biological databases. The procedure responsible for extracting datasets called DNA-Aggregator. We will design a biological aggregator, which aggregates various datasets via DNA micro-array community-developed ontology based upon the concept of semantic Web for integrating and exchanging biological data. Our aggregator is composed of modules that retrieve the data from various biological databases. It will also enable queries by other applications to recognize the genes. The genes will be categorized in groups based on a classification method, which collects similar expression patterns. Using a clustering method such as k-mean is required either to discover the groups of similar objects from the biological database to characterize the underlying data distribution. arabic 9 English 55
Mariam Abojela Msaad, Zakaria Suliman Zubi(1-2011)