Abstract Lexical competence can be defined as one's ability to use words differently and fully. This study is an attempt to investigate the effective techniques for testing the lexical competence in foreign language teaching. The study consists of four chapters. Chapter one is an introduction to the study. It focuses on the background of the study, and the problem of the study as well as the purpose and the hypotheses of the study. Chapter two deals with the definitions, characteristics, types and methods for testing lexical competence were given. This chapter also focuses on the testing language skills and what to test in testing learners' lexical competence. Chapter three is the practical part of the study. It includes subjects of the study and data for the study. The data consisted of the students' test and the teachers' questionnaire with their analysis and results. Chapter four is concerned with the concluding remarks that have been drawn from the study. Some recommendations on the appropriate use of testing vocabulary are also suggested in order to overcome the teachers and the student’s problems for techniques in testing and teaching lexical competence.
حميدة علي الباوندي (2015)

Abstract Biocides (disinfectants and antiseptics) are used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of applications. However, their antibacterial effectiveness is not always well stated by the manufacturers and consumers find it difficult to choose the right product according to their needs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate practically achieves disinfection efficacy of locally available disinfectants and antiseptics on surfaces and infectious microbiological utilities of Tripoli Medical Center (TMC). Fourteen biocides; Ten disinfectants (Dex36, Dex50, Dex53, Mzid-S, Mzid-AF, Deson, Dettol, Seem, Chlor and Wipol) and four antiseptics (HiBi, Esept, Emed and Desman) were tested at concentrations recommended by manufacturers on surfaces, walls and different utilities that were contaminated by locally circulating six isolates of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, staphylococcus aureus, Klebscilla pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using four standard evaluation test procedures (capacity test, diffusion test, in-use test and suspension test). Results showed the highest average log reduction (7.4) of test bacteria was given by quaternary ammonium based disinfectants; Dex50, Dex53, Deson-AF and Mzid-S. A comparable average log reduction of test bacteria was noted (7.0, 7.2 and 7.3) for Deson-AF, Dex.50 and Dex.53 respectively. In contrast HiBi as an alcoholic based antiseptic gave the highest average log reduction (7.2) against tested bacteria. Desman, Emed and Wipol antiseptics had poor antibacterial activity on tested bacteria causing almost undetectable log reduction in cell viability. From contamination point of view, five critical departments in Tripoli Medical Centre (TMC) namely; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Surgical ICU, Dermatology, Oncology, and Urology departments were found contaminated with six types of bacteria. Bacillus cereuses followed by Klebscilla pneumonia were the most bacteria spread in whole five mentioned departments, particularly in dermatology department. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was next most widespread bacterium and almost isolated equally from the five medical departments. Acinetobacter baumannii had been isolated from Neonatal ICU; whereas Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had been isolated from Oncology Department and Surgical ICU respectively. In addition, Dex36, Chlor, Chlor, Wipol, Desman and E-med exhibited bacterial contamination in both capacity and in-use tests. In conclusions, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and combination of QACs with aldehyde formulations were found to be the best disinfectants for disinfection of contaminated surfaces.
عتيقة صالح الهادي (2016)

يتلخص مضمون هذه الرسالة بأن دراسة تحليلية لمعلمي اللغة الانجليزية بمرحلة التعليم الثانوي، تؤكد بأن التطوير المهني المستمر يمثل الرافعة الاساسية وحجر الزاوية لكل تجديد يستلزم مواكبة المستجدات في أفق الاصلاح المنشود، كما انه يمثل الاهمية البالغة باعتباره ورشا مفتوحا وخيارا استراتيجيا لا مناص منه لكسب رهان الجودة وذلك بممارسة مفهوم (التقييم الذاتي (بغية التعلم من الخبرات السابقة الذي يؤدي الي التطوير المهني. حيث اجمعت الأدبيات التربوية علي أن التطوير المهني المستمر هو التكوين الذي يتلقاه المعلمين بعد التكوين الأول الذي حصلوا عليه قبل الخدمة, ويستهدف هذا التطوير مواكبة الاحداث والمواقف التي تظهر عادة في اساسيات العمل الذي يمارسونه وذلك من خلال التدرب علي اكتشاف تلك المواقف والمستجدات والقدرة علي تحليلها وتقييمها وأتخاد القرارات المناسبة حيالها بغية ابتكار حلول مناسبة ليتم بذلك تكوين خبرات جديدة منبثقه من الخبرات السابقة التي تم التعرض لها داخل الفصول الدراسية, والذي يساهم بذلك في رفع الكفاءة المهنية لدي المعلمين . وبناء علي ما يؤكده المتخصصون في مجال التربية والتعليم بأن هناك احساس متزايد كون أن برامج تأهيل المعلمين قد لا تتناسب أو لا تخدم موقف او ظاهرة سلوكية بعينها, فمن هنا جاءت فكرة التقييم الذاتي بأعتبارها تركز بشكل مباشر علي تغيير برامج إعداد المعلمين من مفهوم ) ما الذي يجب أن يفعله المعلم ( الي مفهوم (لماذا وكيف يفعل ذلك ( فضلا عن ان عملية التدريس اضحت عملية تكدس للمعارف والعلوم المفروضة عليهم لغرض معين دون منحهم فرصة التدريب والتدرب ليتمكنوا بذلك من كيفية التعامل مع المواقف السلوكية التعليميةبأنواعها المختلفة. ومن خلال تلك الافتراضات, يري منظروا التربية الحديثة أن المدرس الناجح يجب أن يمتلك كفاية التبصر والتقييم الذاتي والقدرة علي استيعاب الاثار الجانبية للمهنة , حينذاك يكون في محور التعليم الذي يتوقع أو يستبق الافعال المعرفية للتلاميذ, بعد ذلك تتم ملاحظة مدي نجاحهم أو إخفاقهم وهنا يكون في محور التعلم, لكن المدرس لا يكتسب هذه الكفاية الا اذا كان نشاطه مؤسسا علي وسائل فكرية تسمح بتجاوز الطابع التجريبي, والمرور عبر نظريات وخبرات سابقة من اجل انطلاقة جديدة , ان الاساس في اكتساب هذه الكفاية هو التناوب بين التطبيق والنظرية ثم التطبيق , ان هذا الانعطاف للنظرية التي يفرضها التناوب ينبغي القيام بها باستمرار وفي هدوء وبشكل فردي او جماعي مع مدرسون أو مدربون اخرون وذلك لأسباب مختلفة يذكر منها ان مهارة التقييم الذاتي أو التحليل تكتسب مع الوقت ولا يمكن التحكم فيها في وقت قصير. Abstract: The role of reflective teaching practice in the continuous professional development of teachers is a case study of some English language teachers in some secondary schools in Tripoli. The study is subdivided into five chapters. The first chapter is concerned with the initial key elements of the study such as the introduction , the problem of the study , the literature review that support the study , the purpose and the significance of the study, the research questions and the limitation of the study . The second chapter is concerned with the review of literature. It consists of two parts. The first part is concerned with supervision process and practical experience. In this part, the notion of supervision is presented explaining how the process of supervision is changed from time to time in order to help teachers develop their proficiency competence in teaching, and how the view of the position of the supervisor is changed from a person who has the authority to ask teachers what they have to do and what they have not to do, to a person who is more collaborative with the teachers who work together as collages in different jobs, by selecting certain approaches based on the needs of the teachers. In addition, some of supervision models from different education trends are presented to be as approaches that help teachers improve to their learning strategies. The second part of this study is concerned with reflective practice and the continuous professional development. In this part, the history roots of reflective practice are produced; the notion of reflective practice is identified explaining how this notion intends to transfer teachers from the view of technicians to the view of practitioners. In addition, different VIII reflective practice models that can help teachers grow professionally are carefully selected and defined. The third chapter is concerned with the research design and methodology. In this chapter the subject teachers, the questionnaire and the procedure of data analyses are described. The forth chapter is analyses for the purpose of answering the research questions, and to understand the teachers' attitude of practicing reflection. Chapter five which is the last chapter in this study is devoted to the findings of the study consisting of conclusion and the recommendations made in of the results.
فتحي العماري مفتاح القنصل (2014)