عندما تواجهنا مشكلة صنع القرار في ظل ظروف تنافسية تتسم بتناقص مواقف المتنافسين وتعارض المصالح فيما بينهم، فإن عملية اتخاذ القرار تصبح صعبة في مثل هذه الظروف لان نتائج القرار وأثره لا تعتمد على القرار المتخذ فقط، بل تتأثر بنتائج القرارات التي يتخذها المتنافسون. وتصبح المشكلة هي اتخاذ قرار يتعلق بالمصالح المتعارضة وحل مثل هذا التعارض هو محور اهتمام نظرية الألعاب حيث تساعد نظرية الألعاب في فهم إستراتيجيات المتنافسين وتحليل احتمالاتها المختلفة واتخاذ القرار المناسب لمقابلة المواقف المختلفة للخصم. ونحن سوف نقتصر على مايسمى (ألعاب المجموع الصفري لشخصين) حيث قدم هذا البحث طرق حل الألعاب ذات المجموع الصفري لشخصين وذلك بتحديد أفضل إستراتيجية لكل متنافس وتناولت الدراسة كذلك حل ألعاب المجموع الصفري باستخدام البرمجة الخطية وقمنا بإعداد برنامج لها بلغة الفوتران للاستفادة منه لحل الألعاب ذات الحجم الكبير التي تتطلب كثير من الجهد والحسابات والوقت. كما تتم التركيز على الشكل الموسع للألعاب وقمنا بمعالجة مجموعة من الألعاب بواسطة شجرة اللعب. كما تم توضيح الصلة بين الشكل الإستراتيجي والشكل الموسع للعبة. Abstract When we encounter the problem of decision making under competent circumstances shaped with the contradiction of players positions and the contradictions of interrelated interests, the decision making process becomes difficult under such circumstances, because the decision outcome and its affect is not dependent of the said decision, instead, they are affected by the results of the decisions taken by the players. Then the problem is in taking a decision relevant to those contradicted interests and how to solve such contradictions is the basic interest of the games theory. The games theory helps in understanding the strategies of the players and analyzing the strategies various possibilities and thus arriving at the proper decision to deal with the different positions of the other player. We shall restrict our work on to what so called (two-person zero- sum games). As this research has suggested a solution method for the games of the zero sum for two persons, via determination of the best strategy possible for each player. The study as well dealt with the solution of the zero-sum games using the linear programming. We prepared a program for that end- FORTRAN language in order to benefit from it in solving the games of the bigger size which require much efforts and calculations and time too. Great concentration was also being given to the extensive configuration of the games, where we treated a set of games by means of the play tree. We also attempted to clarify the relation between the strategic form and the extensive form of game.
عواطف أحمد العزابي (2008)

Abstrac The equivalence relation has many important uses in the development of Mathematics. Including what is known and some are used in research and new Studie The aim of this study is to highlight some of the applications of equivalence relations in important fields such as the development of a semi-metric space (seminorm) to a metric space (normed space) as well as some of the uses of equivalence relations in measure theory, particularly in the definition of important spaces such as. In addition, there are important applications in algebra particularly in group theory and matrices. As well as in information and rough sets. Equivalence relations may identify somewhat singular points and their Equivalence class as a single point in the quotient space. The importance of equivalence relations is unlimited. For instance, whenever an incomplete metric or normed space is constructed in applied or the theoretical science, the equivalence relations shows that there is a complete space which is the closure of the incomplete space. Precise statement and illustrations are included.
امل عبد الله طربان (2015)

Abstract For a locally compact space, we define an order-anti-isomorphism from the set of all one-point extensions of onto the set of all nonempty closed subsets of . We consider various sets of one-point extensions, including the set of all one-point locally compact extensions of , the set of all one-point Lindelöf extensions of , the set of all one-point pseudocompact extensions of , and the set of all one-point Cech-complete extensions of , among others. We study how these sets of one-point extensions are related, and investigate the relationship between their order structure, and the topology of subspaces of , we also study the relationship between various subsets of one-point extensions, the existence of minimal and maximal elements in various sets of one point extensions, and we show how some of our results may be applied to obtain relations between the order structure of certain subfamilies of ideals of partially ordered with inclusion, and the topology of subspaces of .
مسعودة سعد نجم (2009)