Amorphous undoped intrinsic silicon, B-doped silicon and P-doped silicon hybrid bilayer structures with poly(3-hexylthiophene) have been fabricated and their photovoltaic responses have been investigated. Open-circuit voltages and fill factors of the devices are moderate, but strongly dependent on the doping type of a-Si:H films. The highest available open-circuit voltage from the hybrid solar cells within this investigation is 1.23 V in a standard test condition. Both inorganic and organic semiconducting layers contribute to the photocurrent generation. The short-circuit currents appear to be limited by unbalanced charged carriers collected from different sides of the semiconductors, which indicates a way forward in device optimization. arabic 9 English 56
Adel Diyaf, Zhiqun He, John I.B. Wilson, Anna H.N. Lind, Ying Peng, Zhi Zhang(9-2013)

Abstract The search for a reliable source of energy has been a challanging task to manking while conventional energy resorces are diminishing nuclear fusion, especially laser fusion, promises to be the source of the future. Experimental costs in laser fusion are astronomical and computer modeling drastically minimizes such costs and gives a chance for less fortunate Gauntries to gain insight into the scientific and technical aspects of the subject since a large portion of information involved is classified. This work deals with the spatial and temporal evolution of the laser fusion produced by different laser pulses It is based on a computer code called MEDUSA which takes into account the variation in the wavelength, power density pulse duration, target geometry and material. It assumes a target which is divided into 20 cells each of 24 urn width. Inverse-Bremsstrahlung and resonance absorption are the two main mechanisms responsible for absorption of energy from the incident laser pulse. Fusion takes place in the plasma as a result of ablation of the plasma corona where the formed shock waves compress the plasma cells and heat them. The rate of energy deposited into and radiated from the plasma ,which causes variation of the plasma internal energy, is expressed by the energy equation. This equation is transformed into a finite difference form and solved by Gauss Elimination Method to calculate the plasma parameters such as electron(T e) and ion ternperatures(Ti), pressure(P) and density(p) and the different processes of energy absorption and losses. The temporal evolution of these parameters is studied through the divisions of the pulse into chosen time steps at which the evolution is clear. The results have shown that by increasing laser power the energy deposited into and radiated from the plasma increases. The electron and ion temperatures the plasma pressure and density also increase. This is because of the geadual propagation of the shock wave from the surface of the pellet towards its center causing compression of the plasma cells. The optimum value of such parameters are obtained close to the end of the pulse where the incident laser power is maximum and so as the energy deposited into the plasma center where heating and compression causes the consumption of the whole target After the end of the pulse duration, the plasma cells coordinates expand and the plasma parameters decrease, a process known as diminishing of the plasma The effect of the laser parameters of four diffterent lasers namely CO2, KrF, Nd-glass and Ruby of 5ns, 15ns and 45ns pulse duration was studied. It was found that: (1) the maximum value of the plasma parameters decrease by increasing the pulse duration of a certain power and wavelength, (2) the maximum value of the plasma parameters increase by increasing the wavelength because of increasing the energy deposited into the plasma by resonance absorption process. At the optimum implosion time, the plasma parameters show a strong spatial variation. However, a strong temporal variation of the plasma parameters was observed at the pellet center.
هناء محمد حسن موسي (1994)

نقدم في هذا البحث تقنية التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي باستخدام طريقة صدى المجال المتدرج Gradient Echo)) وتتم المعالجة لأساس التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي (MRI ) بأسلوب ميكانيكا الكم ( Quantum Mechanics ) ، ففي هذه الدراسة تم حساب إشارة الاضمحلال التلقائي(Free Induction Decay) (FID ) باستعمال برنامج حاسوب MathCAD ) ) لمجموعة أشرطة نسيجية مفترضة ولها كثافة معروفة في بعد واحد باستعمال تقنية المجال المتدرج وتحول الإشارة المتحصل عليها باستعمال تحويلات تعرف بتحويلات فوريير السريعة ( Fast Forier (Transform من دالة في الزمن إلى دالة في التردد وهذه الإشارة تمثل الصورة المتحصل عليها بتقنية الرنين المغناطيسي . والهدف من هذه المحاكاة لنرى كيف تؤثر العوامل المختلفة مثل زمن الإعادة (Repetition Time) (TR)، زمن الصدى (Echo Time) (TE)، مقدار زاوية الإنقلاب(α) (Flip Angle)، المجال المتدرج (Gradient Field)، زمن الإسترجاع (Relaxation Time) (T2)، زمن الإشباع (Saturation Time) (T1)، كثافة البروتونات (Proton Density) (PD) في تقنية الرنين المغناطيسي لطريقة صدى المجال المتدرج في وضوح الصورة (Resolution) والتباين (Contrast) لأنسجة مختلفة وسوف يوضح هذا التباين للصور للحالات التالية: -1 تبتاين T1 (زمن الاسترخاء الطولي). -2تباين T2 (زمن الاسترخاء العرضي). -3 تباين (PD) (كثافة البروتون). Abstract In this project, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is introduced and special attention is given to the (Gradient Echo Method) .The theoretical treatment of the principles of MRI is outlined in a quantum mechanical approach. The parameters relevant to MRI are studied such as : Magnetic field gradient , Relaxation time ( T2) , Saturation time ( T1) , Echo time ( TE) , Repetition time ( TR), Flip Angle (α) and Proton Density (PD). Acomputer simulation using MathCAD software is used to model the free induction decay signal of one- dimensional Stripe of tissue using Gradient Echo technique. The collected signal is transformed using fast Fourier transform. The simulation aim is to show how MRI parameters in the Gradient echo method control the resolution and the contrast of different tissue images: T1 contrast, T2 contrast and PD contrast. On the Control parameters: Echo time (TE), Repetition time (TR) and Flip Angle (α).
نعيمة المبروك سالم الكباشي (2010)