This paper, emphasis different growth techniques of two-dimensional hole gas of strained germanium (sGe) heterostructure, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). sGe heterostructure has become an important material as a replacement material to Silicon in P-type devices because of its higher hole mobility and lower effective mass. Researchers study this material in terms of electrical and spintronic devices according to technology demands for devices with higher efficiency and low power consumption. High hole mobility up to 1×10cm/Vs at temperature of 1.5 K has been reported for normal structure declaring high quality samples with low density dislocation and low interface roughness. arabic 14 English 105
Adel Diyaf, A.H. A. Hassan , U. Elfurawi , A. E. Abubkr (6-2019)

من الاختراع الاول لليزر الياقوت قي عام 1960م تم الحصول على عملية الليزر في عدة أوساط، الغازية، السائلة والصلبة ...الخ. وبالامكان الآن الحصول علي شعاع الكهرومغنطيس المترابط من موجات الراديو الي منطقة الاشعة السنية للمستويات قدرة تتراوح بين جزء من الواتالي بليون وات. هذه الاشعة للاجهزة المتنوعة الا ستعمال لها تأثير بعيد المدي على كل المستويات العلمية والتقنية، وفي الحقيقة فأن تقنية الليزر اليوم تكون قيالمرتبات العليا العلمية والتقنية، وفي الحقيقة قأن تقنية أنصاف الموصلات وما هي هذه الا البدية. هذاالبحث يختص بأحدى هذه التطبيقات وهي معالجة المواد بأستخدام ليزر الياقوت حيث تم أستعمال ليزر الياقوت ذى قدرة قصوى مقدارها أربعة كيلوات في خطتشغيله العادي لدراسة تحسين صلادة السطح لسبائك البرونز الالوميني وكذلك عمل ثقوب دقيقة جداً في بعض المعادن والسبائك والمواد العازلة. الفصل الاول من هذا البحث يعطي ملخصاً مقتضباًلأساسيات الليزر وخواص بعض الليزارات منها بينما يتعلق الفصل الثاني بمناقشة التطبيقات الةاسعة لليزر ويتركزأكثر على معالجة المواد بواسطة الليزر. تفاصيل وخواص ليزر الياقوت (من شركة كوادر الامريكية موديل 1500 ك) الذي تمأستعماله في هذا البحث يشملها الفصل الثالث. بينما يتعلق الفصل الرابع بالدراة الرئسية في هذا البحث والتي تتعلق بتحسين صلادة السطح بواسطة ليزر الياقوت والتأثير الناتج عن تغير كثافة الطاقة وعدد الطلقات الليزرية على عينات البرونز الالوميني ذات التكوين الطوري المختلف. كما أن النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من قياسات الصلادة وحيود الاشعة السبنية والتصوير الدقيق توضح بجلاء أن كثافة القدرة تزيد من صلادة السطح وأن نتيجة لتكوين بنية أنتقالية شبه مستقرة (مارتينزيت) خلال مراحل المعالجة الليزرية الحرارية للعينات، وعلي الجانب الاخر وجدنا أن زيادة عدد الطلقات ليس له تأثير يذكر علي صلادة السطح. الفصل الاخير يختص بجزء الحفر الدقيق من هذه الدراسة على قليل من المعادن والسبائك والمواد العازلةحيث برهن أن ليزر الياقوت يعتبر أداة ناجحة في الحفر الدقيق. Abstract Since the invention of the first Ruby laser in 1960, laser action has been obtained in many media: gases, liquids, solids, etc. Now coherent electromagnetic radiation is available from R.F. to near X-ray region with power level ranging from a fraction of a watt to billion watts. Such versatile devices have far reaching impact on all scientific and technological levels. In fact laser technology ranks perhaps next only to nuclear engineering and semiconductor technologies and this is just the beginning. This thesis pertains to one such application, namely material processing using Ruby laser. A Ruby laser of 4 KW peak power, in normal mode operation has been used to study surface hardness enhancement of AI-Bronze alloys and micro- drilling of few metals, alloys and insulators. The first chapter gives a brief outline of the principle of lasers and the characteristics of a few, most inportant lasers, while the second chapter deals with a discussion of the wide range of laser applications with emphasis of material processing using lasers. The details of the characteristics of the Ruby laser and the system we used in this study (KORAD, Model K 1500), are included in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 deals with our main study of the surface hardness enhancement using the Ruby laser and the effect of changing the power density and the number of shots on Aluminium-bronze samples of different phase composition. The results of hardness measurements, x-ray diffraction, and microphotography clearly show that increasing the power density increases the surface hardness and that is due to the martensite formation during the different stages of the laser heat treatment of the samples. on the other hand we found that increasing the number of shots does not have much influence on the surface hardness. The final chapter pertains to the microdrilling part of this study on few metals, alloys, and insulators where we prove that a Ruby laser is a successful tool in micro drilling.
عبد السلام الباهي (1989)

Abstract In this work, study was performed using Amorphous polymer – based composites consisting of polystyrene (PS) and carbon black (CB) . Five samples have been prepared with different weight percentage which are (0%CB+100%PS) , (5%CB+95%PS) , (15%CB+85%PS) , (25%CB+75%PS) and (35%CB+65%PS) . The electrical properties have been studied for these samples as follows : Electrical conductivity , relative dielectric constant and the dielectric loss tangent were measured at alternating electric field in temperature range between (30C°) and (60C°) and at four different constant frequencies (100HZ, 1KHZ, 10KHZ and 100KHZ ) . It is noted that the highest value of alternating electrical conductivity at (30C°) is for the sample of composition (25%CB+75%PS) which was (1.25x10 S/m ) and the highest value at temperature (60C°) was for same sample with value of (3.2x10 S/m ) , it should be noted that in general the electrical conductivity increases as the temperature increases where this result shows the behaviour of semiconductors. The relative dielectric constant in the pure sample (0%CB+100%PS) and the other samples with low percentage of carbon black increases as the temperature increases however it decreases as frequency increases. And the samples with higher percentage of carbon black which are (25%CB+75%PS) and (35%CB+65%PS) it was noted that the relative dielectric constant decreases as temperature increases. The lowest value was (1.26) at temperature (30C°) and frequency (10KHZ) for the sample with composition of (15%CB+85%PS), while the highest value at same temperature is (410.2) at (100HZ) for the sample with composition of (25%CB+75%PS), for the relative dielectric constant the highest result it was for the sample (5%CB+95%PS) at (607) at (100HZ) and (45C°). The dielectric loss tangent increases as the carbon black increases in all samples and it was found that the temperature influence will be at high percentage of the carbon black where the temperature of (55C°) the dielectric loss tangent increased to the highest value (1.2X10 ) for the sample of composition (35%CB+65%PS). at the high level of the carbon black it was found that the dielectric loss tangent decreases as the frequency increases.
عادل محمد التميمي (2013)