Multilayer Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with the backpropagation algorithm were used to estimate the decrease in relative saturated conductivity due to an increase in sodicity and salinity. Data from the literature on the relative saturated hydraulic conductivity measured using water having levels of sodicity and salinity in different types of semiarid soils were used. The clay content of these soils is predominantly montmorillonite. The input data consisted of clay percentage, cation exchange capacity, electrolyte concentration, and estimated soil exchangeable sodium percentage at equilibrium stage with the solution applied. The data was divided into three groups randomly to meet the three phases required for developing the ANNs model (i. e. training, evaluation, and testing).The activation function selected was the TANSIG layer in the middle, while the exit function was the PURELIN layer. The comparisons between the experimental and predicted data on relative saturated hydraulic conductivity during training and testing phases showed good agreement. This was evident from the statistical indicators used for the evaluation process. For the training phase, the values of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), the correlation coefficient (r) and the determination coefficient (R2) were 0.08, 0.13, 0.91, and 0.83, respectively. The performance of the ANNs model was evaluated against a part of the data selected randomly form the whole set of data collected (i. e. data not used during the model testing phase). The resultant values for MAE and RMSE, r and R2 were 0.12, 0.16, 0.82 and 0.68, respectively. It should be noted that many factors were not considered, such as soil pH, type of clay, and organic matter, due to the limitations of the data available. Using these factors as input in ANNs might improve model predictions. However, the results suggested that the ANNs model performs well in soils with very low levels of organic matter.
Younes Daw Ezlit, Ahmed Ibrahim Ekhmaj, Mukhtar Mahmud Elaalem(5-2014)

Bokashi is an organic fertilizer made from organic materials through fermentation process. A high quality bokashi should have C/N ratio between 10-20, which normally produced from a mix raw organic material with has C/N ratio of 30. However, many studies have shown a composition of raw organic material without a calculation of C/N ratio. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to gather the initial C/N ratio of various raw material from previous published studies, calculate the C/N ratio, and examine the descriptive characteristic (colour, aroma, and texture) of bokashi made from three selected C/N ratios of raw material (30, 70, and 110) and various length of fermentation (10, 17, and 24 days). This research combined literature reviews and laboratory experimental. For laboratory experimental, Complete Randomise Design (CRD) was applied. The result showed that all bokashi produced from raw material mixture with the C/N ratio up to 110 was still acceptable to be directly applied as a fertilizer. Bokashi produced with longer fermentation time had better texture but lower aroma and colour quality
RABYA A LAHMER(1-2021)

أجريت هذه الدراسة بمدينة مصراتة لتقييم تاثير معاملة حشيشة الرودس باليوريا على اداء حملان البربري المحلية وانهضامية العناصر الغذائية. في تجربة التغذية تم توزيع عشوائيا 10 من حملان البربري متوسط أوزانها (25.8 ± 1.9 كجم) واعمارها تتراوح بين 4 – 5 أشهر على معاملتين تشمل خرطان رودس معامل باليوريا (4%) ورودس غير معامل. تشير نتائج هذه التجربة الى ان المتوسطات العامة لاستهلاك الرودس المعامل (692 ± 0.155) كجم/حيوان/يوميا والرودس غير المعامل (0.404 ± 0.066) كجم/حيوان/يوميا لم تختلف معنويا (0.01 > P) فى حين المعاملة باليوريا أدت إلى زيادة واضحة (P
فرج عبدالله محمد كشبه (2012)