Soil ecosystem services (ES) (e.g., provisioning, regulation/maintenance, and cultural) and ecosystem disservices (ED) are dependent on soil diversity/pedodiversity (variability of soils), which needs to be accounted for in the economic analysis and business decision-making. The concept of pedodiversity (biotic + abiotic) is highly complex and can be broadly interpreted because it is formed from the interaction of atmospheric diversity (abiotic + biotic), biodiversity (biotic), hydrodiversity (abiotic + biotic), and lithodiversity (abiotic) within ecosphere and anthroposphere. Pedodiversity is influenced by intrinsic (within the soil) and extrinsic (outside soil) factors, which are also relevant to ES/ED. Pedodiversity concepts and measures may need to be adapted to the ES framework and business applications. Currently, there are four main approaches to analyze pedodiversity: taxonomic (diversity of soil classes), genetic (diversity of genetic horizons), parametric (diversity of soil properties), and functional (soil behavior under different uses). The objective of this article is to illustrate the application of pedodiversity concepts and measures to value ES/ED with examples based on the contiguous United States (U.S.), its administrative units, and the systems of soil classification (e.g., U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database). This study is based on a combination of original research and literature review examples. Taxonomic pedodiversity in the contiguous U.S. exhibits high soil diversity, with 11 soil orders, 65 suborders, 317 great groups, 2026 subgroups, and 19,602 series. The ranking of “soil order abundance” (area of each soil order within the U.S.) expressed as the proportion of the total area is: (1) Mollisols (27%), (2) Alfisols (17%), (3) Entisols (14%), (4) Inceptisols and Aridisols (11% each), (5) Spodosols (3%), (6) Vertisols (2%), and (7) Histosols and Andisols (1% each). Taxonomic, genetic, parametric, and functional pedodiversity are an essential context for analyzing, interpreting, and reporting ES/ED within the ES framework. Although each approach can be used separately, three of these approaches (genetic, parametric, and functional) fall within the “umbrella” of taxonomic pedodiversity, which separates soils based on properties important to potential use. Extrinsic factors play a major role in pedodiversity and should be accounted for in ES/ED valuation based on various databases (e.g., National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) databases). Pedodiversity is crucial in identifying soil capacity (pedocapacity) and “hotspots” of ES/ED as part of business decision making to provide more sustainable use of soil resources. Pedodiversity is not a static construct but is highly dynamic, and various human activities (e.g., agriculture, urbanization) can lead to soil degradation and even soil extinction. arabic 7 English 46
Elena A. Mikhailova , Hamdi A. Zurqani , Christopher J. Post , Mark A. Schlautman, Gregory C. Post (3-2021)

Emitter spacing and emitter flow rates should be matched with the soil’s wetting characteristics to achieve precision and high irrigation efficiency. A method for determining surface wetted radius and depth of the wetted soil volume under drip irrigation was developed. The wetted soil volume was assumed to depend on the depth of saturated hydraulic conductivity, volume of water applied, average change of moisture content and the emitter application rate. Empirical equations relating the wetted depth and width to the other parameters were obtained. Many experiments were used to verify these equations. Very good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results improves the validity of these equations. The results show that the suggested equations can be used for a wider range of discharge rates and other soil types. DIPAC will ensure that water and fertilizer reach the crop root zone precisely and efficiently. Keywords: trickle irrigation, wetting front, surface wetted radius, emitter spacing
Ahmed Ibrahim Ekhmaj, MOHAMAD S. M.AMIN(9-2006)

أجريت هذه الدراسة بمحطة ابن زيدون للتجارب الزراعية بتاجوراء بهدف تقييم تأثير إضافة مزرعة الخميرة yeast والتي تحتوي على saccharomyces cerevisiae على معدل التناول والإستهلاك وقابلية الهضم وكفاءة النمو والتسمين فى الحملان البربري المحلية والتي تضاف مباشرة الى العلائق قبل تقديمها للحملان بالشكل الجاف كنسبة مئوية من وزن الجسم الحي , ومن خلال إجراء التحليل الكيميائي للخميرة فكانت نسبة البروتين الخام 96.3±0.4 , ونسبة الألياف الخام 0.3 ±0.2 , ونسبة المستخلص الخالى من النيتروجين 35±0.9 , ونسبة المستخلص الآيثيري2.3±0.07 , ونسبة الرماد 0.3±0.2 ، أجريت تجربة الانهضامية بأستخدام 12 من ذكور حملان البربري المحلية , متوسط أوزنها22.4 ±4.25 كجم ,وزعت عشوائياً حسب التصميم العشوائى الكامل ((CRD)) على 4 معاملات حسب النسبة المضافة من الخميرة الى العلف المركز نسبة الى الوزن الحى . كانت النسب للشاهد. خميرة مضافة و 0.50% و 0.75% و 1% من وزن الجسم على التوالى, كانت نتائج معاملات هضم البروتين الخام هي 41.6 ± 3.9 و37.1 ±18.1 و 14.3 ±1.9 و 12.3 ± 2.007 على التوالى, وحيث كان هناك فروق معنوية عند ( أ≤0.05 ) فى مجموعة الشاهد مقارنة مع المعاملات, اما نسب هضم الالياف فكانت 88.7 ± 1.09 و 91±2.9 و88.2± 1.4 و 90.8 ± 0.8 للمعاملات على التوالى, ولم تكن هناك فروق معنوية أيضا بالنسبة لمعاملات هضم المادة الجافة وهى 55.10 ± 3.06 و 44.4 ± 16.4 و 28.50 ± 6.2 و 27.3 ± 4.7 على التوالى, اما معاملات المستخلص الاثيرى فكانت هناك فروق معنوية بين مجموعة الشاهد ومعاملتى الاضافة 0.75 و1 % وهى 52.5 ± 3.06 و 31± 20.3 و 17.1 ± 2.9 و 15.7 ± 1.1 و قيم TDN ( 58.05 ± 1.6 و 51.6 ± 9.2 و 41.1 ± 4.2 و 40.8± 3.3 ) فى حين كان هناك فروق معنوية بين مجم الشاهد و معاملتي الاضافة 0.75 و1% ,عند ( أ≤0.05 ) كما استخدمت 30 رأس من ذكور الحملان البربري المحلية فى تجربة تغذ ية لمدة ((65 يوم)) متوسط أوزانها 24± 4.89 كجم وزعت عشوائيا حسب التصميم العشوائي الكامل CRD الى اربعة معاملات على أساس نسبة الخميرة المضافة من وزن الجسم الى العلف المركز وهى %0 و 0.25 و 0.50 % و 0.75% و 1% على التوالى, وقد أوضحت النتائج عدم وجود إختلافات معنوية بين المعاملات الأربعة بالنسبة لمتوسط الزيادة اليومية فى الوزن الحى حيث كان 234.7 ±33.12 , 260.6±83.15 , 275.3±28.90 , 201.43±29 كجم/ حيوان/يوم على التوالى, أما متوسط الوزن الكلي النهائي كان 11.7, 12.77 , 13.49 , 9.9 كجم/حيوان على التوالى ولا يوجد إختلاف معنوي عند(أ≤0.05). Abstract This study was carried at Ben zidone station for Agricultural Experimental Tajora in propose of Growth was conducted to culture Yeast Containing Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on Feed Intake, digestibility and growth performance of fattening barbari lambs. Digestion Trial: Twelve local barbari male lambs used in digestion trial (average weight were) 22.4±4.25 Kg .They were distributed randomly to divided into four groups and fed a basal diet. Where treatment were (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1%)The results should that feed intake was similar in all groups and it did not effect by adding yc coefficients were (811.18), (795.20), (705.60) (705.36) respectively.Dry matter digestibility coefficient was higher for treatment (0)between (0.75%) and (1%) and with no significant different for (0.50%) the crude protein there was significant different at(p
سالمة ميلاد التومي (2010)