Abstract The present study aims to isolate and identify such fungi natural occurrence barley grain collected from Tripoli, Libyia, fungi production of ochratoxins, survey natural occurrence of ochratoxins in barley and its products (flouer and zometa) , study the effect of kind barley on ochratoxins production and determination the chemical composition of barley and its products. The effect of barley flour and zometa processes on ochratoxin A in barley was studied. 1- Natural incidence of fungi on barley grains: Samples are plated on Czapek's agar medium. The infection and total fungal count was calculated the results indicated that the infection was ranged from 85 to 100% and total fungal count was ranged from 93 to 150 isolates. The naturally infected with fungi belonging to genera Aspergillus spp, penicillium spp and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp, penicillium ssp and Fusarium spp were ranged from 36.70% to 58%, 17.3% to 36.6% and 16.0 to 31.3% respectively. 2- Natural occurrence of fungi producing ochratoxins: A- Aspergillus ochraceus: Sixty – three of A. ochraceus isolates was found from 608 Aspergillus spp isolates. Twenty isolates from 63 of A ochraceus was found positive for ochratoxins production . The production of toxins were 56.49 mg/Litter, 1.72 mg /Litter and 0.62 mg / Litter YES for ochratoxins A, B and C respectively. B- Penicillium verrucostum Thirty – six P. verrucostum isolates from 360 Penicillium spp Were found. Nineteen isolates of P. verrucostum from 36 isolates were found a positive to ochratoxins production . The production of toxins was 44.5 mg /Litter , 2.4 mg / Litter and 0.38 mg / Litter for ochratoxin A, B, C respectively. 3-Natureal occurrence of ochratoxins in barley and its products : A- Barley grainsThe results indicated that 38 out from 66 barley samples (57%) was found positive to ochratoxina A, concentration was ranged from 0.7 – 12.4 µg/kg with mean value of 3.91 µg /kg barley. Ochratoxin B and C did not found in any samples. 4- Natural occurrence of ochratoxins in barely products. B- Barley flour: Concerning to the occurrence of ochratoxins in barley products, the results revealed that 29 out from 66 (43%) flour samples were positive to ochratoxin A, the rang was 1.34-3.39 µg/kg and mean of 2.4/µg /kg.C- Zometa flour: The results indicated that 36% from 66 zometa samples were positive for ochratoxin A . the concentration was ranged from 0.55 to 1.9 µg/kg with mean 1.2 µg/kg zometa flour.5- Effect of barley kind on ochratoxins productionThe results appeared that both Aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum very were growth and produced ochratoxins on all kind of barley and its products. (barley flour zomata flour). For Aspergillus ochraceus: The results indicated that the product of toxins were ranged from 11.09 to 19.43 mg/kg and 0.21 to 2.41 mg /kg sample for ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B respectively. For Penicillium verrucostum: The results also indicated that the production of toxins ranged from 9-5 to 11.52 and 0.09 to 0.93 mg/kg sample for ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B respectively. The results improved that both Aspergillus ochraceus and P. verrucostum produced ochratoxins A and B on all barley grains and its products , when suitable condition from temperature and moisture content were found . Fate of ochratoxin A residues in barley grains during flour and zometa processes. The results showed that (cleaning , removal of broken grains, atrophic , at other as well as the process of grinding) and screening (barley flour) caused a loss of 8 and 30% of ochratoxin A concentration respectively. The initial aperations for barley and grain milling and screening process (barley flour) led to 35.6% of total ochratoxin A concentration (50 µg/kg barley). Results also indicated that the process of roasting temperature 200°C for 15 min. and milling and screening destruction 13 and 35% from ochratoxin A concentration respectively . Zometa process steps were caused 52% from initial of ochratoxin A concentration (50µg/kg barley). It could be concluded therefore that cleaning , removal of broken grains, atrophic , at other as well as the process o grinding) and barley and grain milling screening of pulses contaminated with ochratoxin A does not complete eliminate health hazard.
صفي الدين عبد الله خليفة إنبيه (2008)

"يعتبر تلوث الأغذية من أهم المشاكل المعاصرة التي تهدد صحة الإنسان في العالم ومن بين هذه الملوثات بل وأكترها خطراً على صحة الإنسان المعادن الثقيلة وتحديداً الرصاص (Pb)، الكادميوم (Cd) والزرنيخ (As)، وذلك لانتشار استعمالها في الكثير من الأنشطة الصناعية والزراعية. نظرا لعدم وجود دراسات محلية حول مستوى هذه العناصر في بعض الأعشاب المستخدمة في الأغذية والمتمثلة في الإكليل الجبلي L. Rosmarinus officinalis والزعتر البرى Thymus capitatus L. والشيح البرى Artemisia herba-alba والمريمية .Salvia fruticosa L والنعناع .Mentha piperita L استهدفت هذه الدراسة تقدير مستويات الرصاص،الكادميوم والزرنيخ في هذه الأنواع من الأعشاب والتي تم جمعها من مصادرها الأصلية من ثلاث مواقع من مناطق الجبل الأخضر وثلاث مواقع من مناطق الجبل الغربي بمعدل 15عينة من كل منطقة لكل نوع من الأعشاب على حسب أماكن تواجدها بالمناطق وأيضا دراسة محتوى المستخلصات المائية الساخنة لهذه الأنواع من الأعشاب خلال فترات زمنية مختلفة ، وأستخدم جهاز Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ( graphite furnace ) في تحليل العينات بمعدل ثلاث مكررات لكل عينة. أظهرت النتائج أن أعلى متوسط تركيز للرصاص بالميلغرام / كيلوغرام ( مغ/ كغ) في عينات الأعشاب كان 1.3525 0.0402 ، 0.90820.0266 ، 0.61530.0286 ،0.4259 0.0223 ، 0.41760.0360 في الشيح البرى والنعناع والزعتر البرى والإكليل الجبلي و المريمية على التوالي . بينما كان أعلى متوسط تركيز للكادميوم (مغ / كغ) 0.20440.0256 ، 0.06270.0173 ، 0.06260.0108 ، 0.04310.0113 ، 0.03250.0104 في الشيح البرى والنعناع و المريمية والإكليل الجبلي والزعتر البرى على التوالي . أعلى متوسط تركيز للزرنيخ (مغ /كغ) 0.32050.0284 ، 0.21540.0241 ، 0.19520.0258 ، 0.15090.0229 ، 0.09620.0201 في الشيح البرى والنعناع والمريمية والإكليل الجبلي والزعتر البرى على التوالي. عند تحليل المستخلص المائي للأعشاب خلال فترات زمنية مختلفة لم نتحصل على تراكيز قابلة للكشف لكل من الرصاص والكادميوم والزرنيخ لجميع أنواع الأعشاب.كما بينت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي وجود فروق معنوية عند مستوى (P≤0.001) بين المناطق قيد الدراسة. متوسط تركيز الرصاص والكادميوم والزرنيخ في الأعشاب قيد الدراسة كانت أقل من الحد الأعلى المسموح به من قبل منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO) وهو 10 مغ/ كغ للرصاص، 0.3 مغ/ كغ للكادميوم ، 1.0 مغ/ كغ للزرنيخ Abstract Food contamination is considered one of the most important issues threatening human health in the worldwide ; the most dangerous of food contaminants on human health are the heavy metals especially Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), for their widespread use in many industrial and agricultural activities.
Due to the lack of local studies on the level of these elements in some of the herbs used in food and in the Rosemary of mountain (Rosmarinus officinalis L). In addition, wild thyme (Thymus capitatus L.) Land and Wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba) and sage (Salvia fruticosa L), mint (Mentha piperita L). This study aimed to determine the concentrations of lead, cadmium and arsenic in samples of herbs that have been collected from original sources of the three sites in The Green Mountain and three sites in The western mountain areas, at the rate of 15 samples from each region, for each type of herbs depending on the location of their areas and also to examine the content of the hot water extracts for these types of herbs during different periods of time, and use the device Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ( graphite furnace ) In the analysis of samples, in three replicates. The results showed that the highest average on contration of lead (mg kg) 1.3525 0.0402, 0.9082 0.0266, 0.6153 0.0286, 0.4259 0.0223, 0.41760.0360 in the Artemisia herba-alba L., Mentha piperita L.,Thymus capitatus L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia fruticosa L., respectively. Highest average concentration of cadmium (mg kg) 0.2044 0.0256 , 0.0627 0.0173, 0.0626 0.0108, 0.0431 0.0113, 0.0325 0.0104 in the Artemisia herba-alba L.,Mentha piperita L., Salvia fruticosa L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus capitatus respectively. Highest average concentration of arsenic (mg kg) 0.3205 0.0284, 0.2154 0.0241, 0.1952 0.0258, 0.1509 0.0229, 0.0962 0.0201 in the Artemisia herba-alba L.,Mentha piperita L Salvia fruticosa L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus capitatus respectively. When analyzing the aqueous extract of the herbs during different periods of time, we obtained no detectable concentrations of lead and cadmium and arsenic. The results of the statistical analysis indicated significant differences at the level (P ≤ 0.001) between the studied regions. Average concentration of lead, cadmium and arsenic in grasses under study were lower than the upper limit allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO) 10 mg /kg of lead, 0.3 mg /kg for cadmium, 1.0 mg /kg for arsenic."
طارق الشارف المبروك انبية (2010)

This study evaluated the cortex, pulp and seed of Libyan Bekrari and Bronci date varieties for antioxidant, antibacterial and nutritional properties using standard methods. For both varieties, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars and cardiac glycosides were found in the cortex, pulp, and seed, whereas coumarins were only detected in the cortex and pulp. Saponins were present in seeds and alkaloids were absent in both varieties. The IC50 for Bekrari and Bronci seed and pulp extracts were 0.092 - 0.047 mg/ml and 8.81 - 4.98 mg/ml, respectively. The concentration of cortex extracts to reduce DDPH free radicals by 50 % were recorded at 4.25 and 3.69 mg/ml for Bekrari and Bronci, respectively. The seed extract of Bekrari at 100, 50, 25, and 12.5% showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zones 15.6, 13.3, 13, and 12 mm, respectively; and MRSA with inhibition zones 18.3, 16, 14, and 13 mm, respectively. The seed extract of Bronci also inhibited S. aureus and MRSA giving zones of inhibitions 16, 14.5, 12.5, 11 mm and 16.5, 14.2, 12.5, mm respectively, at the various concentrations. The Bronci and Bekrari seeds respectively contained 6.59 - 6.02 % protein, 5.48-6.60 % fat, 8.36-8.25 % moisture, 1.12-1.16 % ash, 38.45-39.60 % fiber, 0.80-1.24 % fructose, 1.05-1.24 % glucose and 1.32-1.56 % sucrose. The Bronci and Bekrari pulp respectively contained 3.47-2.25 % protein, 0.05-0.04 % fat, 7.67-7.84 % moisture, 1.72-1.85 % ash, 2.26-2.74 % fiber, 32.27-37.46 % fructose, 37.17-40.52 % glucose and 37.17-0.10 % sucrose. The Bronci and Bekrari cortex respectively contained 4.87-3.82 % crude protein, 0.65-0.29 % fat, 7.46-4.66 % moisture, 2.74- 1.59 % ash, 17.55-9.79 % fiber 17.95-20.01 % fructose, 17.32-18.41% glucose and 0.01-0.063 % sucrose. These results revealed and highlighted the strong antimicrobial, antioxidant and nutritional potential of Libyan date varieties.
Rabya A Ibrahim Lahmer(2-2021)