This study evaluated the cortex, pulp and seed of Libyan Bekrari and Bronci date varieties for antioxidant, antibacterial and nutritional properties using standard methods. For both varieties, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars and cardiac glycosides were found in the cortex, pulp, and seed, whereas coumarins were only detected in the cortex and pulp. Saponins were present in seeds and alkaloids were absent in both varieties. The IC50 for Bekrari and Bronci seed and pulp extracts were 0.092 - 0.047 mg/ml and 8.81 - 4.98 mg/ml, respectively. The concentration of cortex extracts to reduce DDPH free radicals by 50 % were recorded at 4.25 and 3.69 mg/ml for Bekrari and Bronci, respectively. The seed extract of Bekrari at 100, 50, 25, and 12.5% showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zones 15.6, 13.3, 13, and 12 mm, respectively; and MRSA with inhibition zones 18.3, 16, 14, and 13 mm, respectively. The seed extract of Bronci also inhibited S. aureus and MRSA giving zones of inhibitions 16, 14.5, 12.5, 11 mm and 16.5, 14.2, 12.5, mm respectively, at the various concentrations. The Bronci and Bekrari seeds respectively contained 6.59 - 6.02 % protein, 5.48-6.60 % fat, 8.36-8.25 % moisture, 1.12-1.16 % ash, 38.45-39.60 % fiber, 0.80-1.24 % fructose, 1.05-1.24 % glucose and 1.32-1.56 % sucrose. The Bronci and Bekrari pulp respectively contained 3.47-2.25 % protein, 0.05-0.04 % fat, 7.67-7.84 % moisture, 1.72-1.85 % ash, 2.26-2.74 % fiber, 32.27-37.46 % fructose, 37.17-40.52 % glucose and 37.17-0.10 % sucrose. The Bronci and Bekrari cortex respectively contained 4.87-3.82 % crude protein, 0.65-0.29 % fat, 7.46-4.66 % moisture, 2.74- 1.59 % ash, 17.55-9.79 % fiber 17.95-20.01 % fructose, 17.32-18.41% glucose and 0.01-0.063 % sucrose. These results revealed and highlighted the strong antimicrobial, antioxidant and nutritional potential of Libyan date varieties.
Rabya A Ibrahim Lahmer(2-2021)

يعد البيض غذاءً عالمياً يشارك في إمداد الإنسان بإحتياجاته اليومية من العناصر الغذائية الضرورية. لذلك إهتمت الجماهيرية برفع مستوى تغذية مواطنيها فقامت بإنشاء العديد من مشاريع إنتاج الدواجن على مستوى القطاعين الخاص والعام. ثبت من دراسات الجدوى الإقتصادية إمكانية إقامة مشاريع للنعام لتنويع مصادر البروتين الحيواني فأنشئت أول محطة لتربية النعام بالجماهيرية عام 1997 ف بمنطقة القره بوللي. ونظراً لأن الجماهيرية حديثة العهد بتربية وإنتاج النعام وقلة الدراسات المحلية على بيض النعام، لذا إستهدفت هذه الدراسة معرفة الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية والتغذوية لبيض النعام المنتج بالجماهيرية أثناء موسم الوضع. جمعت عينات البيض من محطة تربية وإنتاج النعام بمنطقة القره بوللي طوال موسم الوضع الذي إبتدأ بشهر النوار وإنتهى بشهر الفاتح لسنة 2007 ف. تراوحت إنتاجية البيض 39.5 بيضة في السنة لكل أنثى نعام بمتوسط وزن البيض 1237.30 -1364.93 جم والبياض 638.5 -729.53 جم بنسبة 50 -56.4 % والصفار 8283.2 -327.68 جم بنسبة 23 -25.8 % والقشرة 234.40 -318.10 جم بنسبة 18.7-25.15 %. نسبة الصفار إلى البياض بلغت 0.43-0.52. تراوح حجم البيض 1172 – 1309.5 سم3. بلغ متوسط طول البيضة 14.52 -15.78 سم وعرضها 12.03-12.92 سم ومعامل شكل البيضة 78.2 -86.1. تراوح متوسط سمك القشرة 2.15 -2.33 ملم. مثلت الرطوبة المكون الرئيسي للبيض حيث تراوحت في البياض 85.58 – 89.77 % والصفار 48.45 -50.84 % والبيض الكامل 73.41 -77.83 %. بلغت نسبة الرماد والبروتين في البياض 0.53 – 0.87 % و8.25 – 11.93 %، في الصفار 1.72 – 1.88 % و13.04 – 16.65 % وفي البيض الكامل 0.95 – 1.18 % و10.11 – 12.34 % على التوالي بناءً على الوزن الرطب. شكّل الدهن الكلي والكولسترول في الصفار 28.96 – 35.70 % و1.83 – 2.16 جم / 100 جم، وفي البيض الكامل 8.82 – 11.65 % و0.54 – 0.75 جم / 100 جم على التوالي بناءً على الوزن الرطب. أوضحت النتائج فيما يخص محتوى البياض والصفار والبيض الكامل من العناصر المعدنية وجود عنصري الصوديوم 150.12 – 183.54 ملجم / 100 جم والبوتاسيوم 97.85 – 151.94 ملجم /100 جم بتركيز أعلى في البياض بناءً على الوزن الرطب أما الفوسفور 257.46 – 331.34 ملجم / 100 جم، الكالسيوم 74.69 – 118.27 ملجم / 100جم، الخارصين 23.9 – 33.5 ملجم / كجم، الحديد 42.2 – 63.0 ملجم / كجم، المنجنيز 0.131 – 0.307 ملجم / كجم والنحاس 0.92 –2.57 ملجم / كجم فقد تواجدت بتركيزات أعلى في الصفار بناءً على الوزن الرطب. بلغ محتوى الفوسفوليبيدات في دهون الصفار 19.2 – 24.71 %. أوضح فصل مكونات الفوسفوليبيدات أنها تحتوي على ستة أصناف من الفوسفوليبيدات هي لايزوفوسفاتيديل كولين وفوسفاتيديل إنيستول وفوسفاتيديل سيرين وفوسفاتيديل كولين وفوسفاتيديل إيثانول أمين وحمض الفوسفاتيديك. تراوحت نسب الأحماض الدهنية المشبعة 39.64 –39.95 % و8050. –56.84 % وأحادية عدم التشبع 39.17 – 39.29 % و30.3 –35.43 % وعديدة عدم التشبع 20.83 – 20.96 % و12.29– 17.46 % لدهون صفار البيض والفوسفوليبيدات على التوالي. كان حمض البالمتيك C16:0 هو الحمض الدهني المشبع السائد وحمض الأوليك C18:1 هو الحمض أحادى عدم التشبع السائد وحمض اللينوليك C18:2 هو الحمض السائد عديد عدم التشبع لكلٍ من الدهن الكلي والفوسفوليبيدات. أظهر بيض النعام قيم مرتفعة بالنسبة لمحتواه من فيتامين A 355.56 -984.22 وحدة دولية / 100جم. وفيتامين B1 152.73 – 212.62 ميكروجرام / 100 جم، وفيتامين B2 113.10 – 531.25 ميكروجرام / 100 جم. أما فيتامين D 21.46 -31.69 وحدة دولية / 100جم بناءً على الوزن الرطب. أظهرت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي عدم وجود فروق معنوية (P < 0.05) في الخصائص الفيزيائية للبيض ماعدا سمك القشرة. كما بينت النتائج أن سمك قشرة البيض يتناسب عكسياً مع نسبة إنتاجية البيض. أوضحت النتائج عدم وجود فروق معنوية في محتوى الرطوبة لكلٍ من البياض والصفار والبيض الكامل. لم تسجل النتائج فروق معنوية في محتوى الصفار من الرماد، الدهن الكلي ومحتوى البيض الكامل من الدهن الكلي والكولسترول. أظهرت النتائج فروق معنوية بسيطة في محتوى البياض والبيض الكامل من الرماد، محتوى البياض والصفار والبيض الكامل من البروتين ومحتوى الصفار من الكولسترول والفوسفوليبيدات. أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق معنوية في محتوى الصفار من عنصري البوتاسيوم والفوسفور ومحتوى البياض من الكالسيوم ومحتوى البياض والصفار والبيض الكامل من عنصر المنجنيز. أوضحت النتائج وجود فروق عالية المعنوية في محتوى البيض من فيتامين A وعدم وجود فروق معنوية في محتوى البيض من فيتامين D، كما سجلت النتائج وجود فروق معنوية بسيطة في محتوى البيض من فيتامين B1 وB2 أثناء موسم الوضع. بناءً على نتائج هذه الدراسة يعتبر متوسط إنتاجية البيض محلياً أقل من المستويات العالمية وأن بيض النعام مشابه في محتواه من المغذيات بدرجة كبيرة لبيض الطيور الأخرى كما يعتبر مصدرا جيدا للعناصر المعدنية والفيتامينات والأحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة. Abstract Eggs are considered a universal foodstuff that contributes in supplying humans with their daily requirements of the essential nutrients. Libya is interested in optimizing the national nutritional status and constructed many projects for poultry production on the levels of public and private sectors. Economic feasibility study indicated the possibility of establishing projects for ostrich in order to diversify the sources of animal protein. The first station for ostrich culture was established in 1997 at Al-Garabolli area. Because Libya experience in ostrich culture and production is moderate and the scarcity of local studies on ostrich eggs, this study was aimed to determine the physical, chemical and nutritional characteristics of ostrich eggs that were produced in the Libya during the laying season. Samples were collected throughout laying season which started at February and ended at September 2007. Average egg production was38.5 egg / ostrich with average weight 1237.30-1364.93 g. Albumen weight was 638.50-729.53g, or 50-56.4% of the total weight. Yolk weight was 283.28-327.68g, or 23-25.8%. The shell weight was 234.40-318.10g, or 18.7-25.15%. The yolk to Albumen ratio was 0.47-0.52. Egg volume was 1172-1309.5 cm3. Average egg length was 14.52-15.78 cm, and width 12.07-12.92 cm. Egg shape index was 78.2-86.1. The average shell thickness was 2.15-2.33 mm. The moisture content of Albumen was 85.58-89.77%, and for the yolk 48.45-50.84% and in the whole egg 73.41-77.83%. Ash content was 0.27-0.53, 1.72-1.88, and 0.95-1.18 in the Albumen, yolk and the whole egg respectively. The content of protein was 8.25-11.93 in Albumen, 13.04-16.65 in yolk and 10.11-12.34 in the whole egg. Total fat content was 28.96-35.70 in the yolk and 8.82-11.65 in the whole egg. Average cholesterol in the yolk was 1.83-2.16 g /100g and in the whole eggs 0.54-0.57 g /100g. The mineral contents of Albumen, yolk and the whole eggs were sodium 150.12-183.54 mg /100g. Potassium 97.85-151.94 mg /100g with higher concentrations in the Albumen on the wet weight bases; while phosphorus was 257.46-331.34 mg /100g. Calcium 74.69-118.27 mg /100g, zinc 2.39-3.35 mg /100g, iron 4.22-6.30 mg /100g, manganese 0.131-0.307 mg /100g and copper 0.92-2.57 mg /100g with higher concentrations in the yolk on wet weight bases. Phospholipids content in yolk lipids reached 19.2-24.71%. The separation of phospholipids showed the presence of six classes of them, i.e. lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl anisitol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid. The percentage of saturated fatty acids was 39.64-39.95, 50.80-56.84, the monounsaturated fatty acid 39.17-39.29, 30.3-35.43, polyunsaturated fatty acid 20.83-20.96, 12.29-17.46% for total lipids and phospholipids respectively. Palmitic acid (C 16:0) was the predominant saturated acid, oleic acid (C18:1) was the predominant monounsaturated acid and linoleic acid (C18:2) was the predominant polyunsaturated acid in both total lipids and phospholipids. Ostrich eggs content of vitamin A was 355.56-984.22 IU/100g, vitamin B1 152.73-212.62 µg /100g, vitamin B2 113.10-531.25 µg /100g and vitamin D 21.46-31.69 IU / 100g on the wet weight bases. Statistical analysis data showed no significant differences (P < 0.05) among the physical characteristics, except shell thickness. The results indicated that; shell thickness correlates negatively with egg productivity ratio. There is no significant differences in moisture contents of the Albumen, yolk and the whole eggs. No significant differences were found in yolk content of ash and total lipids or whole egg contents of total lipids and cholesterol. However; slightly significant differences were found in ash contents of the Albumen and the whole egg, protein contents of the white and the cholesterol and phospholipids contents of yolk. Significant differences in yolk contents of potassium and phosphorus; Albumen contents of calcium and Albumen, yolk and whole egg contents of manganese were found. The results showed highly significant differences in egg contents of vitamin A, and no significant differences of vitamin D contents. Slightly significant differences in egg contents of vitamins B1 and B2 during lying season were noticed. Based on the results of this study, ostrich eggs are considered similar to other bird eggs in its nutritional contents, so as a good source of minerals, vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids.
محمد سالم محمد الفروك (2009)

Abstract The present study aims to isolate and identify such fungi natural occurrence barley grain collected from Tripoli, Libyia, fungi production of ochratoxins, survey natural occurrence of ochratoxins in barley and its products (flouer and zometa) , study the effect of kind barley on ochratoxins production and determination the chemical composition of barley and its products. The effect of barley flour and zometa processes on ochratoxin A in barley was studied. 1- Natural incidence of fungi on barley grains: Samples are plated on Czapek's agar medium. The infection and total fungal count was calculated the results indicated that the infection was ranged from 85 to 100% and total fungal count was ranged from 93 to 150 isolates. The naturally infected with fungi belonging to genera Aspergillus spp, penicillium spp and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp, penicillium ssp and Fusarium spp were ranged from 36.70% to 58%, 17.3% to 36.6% and 16.0 to 31.3% respectively. 2- Natural occurrence of fungi producing ochratoxins: A- Aspergillus ochraceus: Sixty – three of A. ochraceus isolates was found from 608 Aspergillus spp isolates. Twenty isolates from 63 of A ochraceus was found positive for ochratoxins production . The production of toxins were 56.49 mg/Litter, 1.72 mg /Litter and 0.62 mg / Litter YES for ochratoxins A, B and C respectively. B- Penicillium verrucostum Thirty – six P. verrucostum isolates from 360 Penicillium spp Were found. Nineteen isolates of P. verrucostum from 36 isolates were found a positive to ochratoxins production . The production of toxins was 44.5 mg /Litter , 2.4 mg / Litter and 0.38 mg / Litter for ochratoxin A, B, C respectively. 3-Natureal occurrence of ochratoxins in barley and its products : A- Barley grainsThe results indicated that 38 out from 66 barley samples (57%) was found positive to ochratoxina A, concentration was ranged from 0.7 – 12.4 µg/kg with mean value of 3.91 µg /kg barley. Ochratoxin B and C did not found in any samples. 4- Natural occurrence of ochratoxins in barely products. B- Barley flour: Concerning to the occurrence of ochratoxins in barley products, the results revealed that 29 out from 66 (43%) flour samples were positive to ochratoxin A, the rang was 1.34-3.39 µg/kg and mean of 2.4/µg /kg.C- Zometa flour: The results indicated that 36% from 66 zometa samples were positive for ochratoxin A . the concentration was ranged from 0.55 to 1.9 µg/kg with mean 1.2 µg/kg zometa flour.5- Effect of barley kind on ochratoxins productionThe results appeared that both Aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum very were growth and produced ochratoxins on all kind of barley and its products. (barley flour zomata flour). For Aspergillus ochraceus: The results indicated that the product of toxins were ranged from 11.09 to 19.43 mg/kg and 0.21 to 2.41 mg /kg sample for ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B respectively. For Penicillium verrucostum: The results also indicated that the production of toxins ranged from 9-5 to 11.52 and 0.09 to 0.93 mg/kg sample for ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B respectively. The results improved that both Aspergillus ochraceus and P. verrucostum produced ochratoxins A and B on all barley grains and its products , when suitable condition from temperature and moisture content were found . Fate of ochratoxin A residues in barley grains during flour and zometa processes. The results showed that (cleaning , removal of broken grains, atrophic , at other as well as the process of grinding) and screening (barley flour) caused a loss of 8 and 30% of ochratoxin A concentration respectively. The initial aperations for barley and grain milling and screening process (barley flour) led to 35.6% of total ochratoxin A concentration (50 µg/kg barley). Results also indicated that the process of roasting temperature 200°C for 15 min. and milling and screening destruction 13 and 35% from ochratoxin A concentration respectively . Zometa process steps were caused 52% from initial of ochratoxin A concentration (50µg/kg barley). It could be concluded therefore that cleaning , removal of broken grains, atrophic , at other as well as the process o grinding) and barley and grain milling screening of pulses contaminated with ochratoxin A does not complete eliminate health hazard.
صفي الدين عبد الله خليفة إنبيه (2008)