Ecosystem services (ESs) are increasingly being used by many countries around the world as a framework for addressing the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review article of the usability of Libyan soil databases for ESs and SDGs is the first of its kind for North Africa. The objectives of the article are to: describe the available soil resources of Libya in relation to an ES framework; provide examples of the usability of Libyan soil databases for ES applications (eg, provisioning, Healthy Eating Plate), and describe some of the typical disservices in the country. Desertification, salinization, and limited freshwater resources are the largest challenges (disservices) for agriculture and future development in Libya. Seawater intrusion in coastal areas due to rising sea levels has resulted in high concentrations of salts in irrigation waters, which can lead to low soil productivity. These challenges can be addressed by integrating Libyan soil resources into a market that transforms resources into goods and services to meet human demand in a sustainable manner, with non-market institutions mediating the interactions between humans and the environment. If Libyan soil resources are taken into account by both market and non-market institutions, it will lead to more efficient use of soil resources and also should enable the implementation of innovative strategies, such as integrated farming systems, non-soil-based agricultural production (eg, hydroponics), and alternative farming practices. arabic 12 English 68
Hamdi Zurqani, Elena Mikhailova, Christopher Post, Mark Schlautman, Azzeddin Elhawej(5-2019)

Many soil regulating ecosystem services (ES) are linked to Earth’s atmosphere, but associated monetary values often are unknown or difficult to quantify. Atmospheric deposition of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are abiotic flows (wet, dry, and total) from the atmosphere to land surfaces, which potentially can become available to sequester carbon (C) as soil inorganic carbon (SIC). However, these processes typically have not been included in economic valuations of ecosystem services. The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate an approach for valuing non-constrained potential SIC sequestration from atmospheric Ca2+ and Mg2+ deposition based on the concept of the avoided social cost of carbon dioxide emissions (SC-CO2). Maximum monetary values associated with the non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were compiled for the contiguous United States (U.S.) by soil order, land resource region (LRR), state, and region using available deposition data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NRSP-3). For the entire contiguous U.S., an average annual monetary value for the non-constrained potential SIC sequestration due to atmospheric Ca2+ and Mg2+ deposition was $135M (i.e., $135 million U.S. dollars, where M = million = 106). Mollisols, Alfisols, and Entisols were soil orders with the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration. When normalized by land area, however, Vertisols had the highest average annual monetary values followed by Alfisols and Mollisols for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration. From a more agricultural perspective, the LRRs with the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were the Western Range and Irrigated Region (D), the Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region (M), and the Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region (H). When normalized by area, the LRRS with the highest average annual monetary values were the Southwest Plateaus and Plains Range and Cotton Region (I) and the Florida Subtropical Fruit, Truck Crop and Range Region (U). Among the U.S. states, the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were Texas, Kansas, and New Mexico, but when normalized by area the highest values by state were Kansas, Iowa, and Texas. Geographical regions in the contiguous U.S. with the highest average annual monetary values for non-constrained potential SIC sequestration were the South Central, Midwest, and West; when normalized by area, the highest values by region were South Central, Midwest, and Northern Plains. Constraints on maximum monetary values, based on physical, chemical, biological, economic, social, and political limitations, need to be considered and quantified to obtain more precise and accurate accounting of the ES associated with SIC sequestration due to atmospheric Ca2+ and Mg2+ deposition. arabic 14 English 112
Elena A. Mikhailova, Hamdi A. Zurqani, Christopher J. Post, Mark A. Schlautman(5-2020)

إن استخدام طرائق التنبؤ المكاني في دراسة التغيرات المكانية لخصائص التربة الكيميائية لها يٌمكّن من القدرة على تقدير البيانات غير المدروسة حقلياً. في هذه الدراسة اختيرت قطاعات التربة الممثلة لكل من طرابلس، وادي المجينين، وبن غشير لمعرفة التوزيع المكاني لكل من نسبة الصوديوم المتبادل (ESP) والسعة التبادلية الكاتيونية (CEC) ونسبة كربونات الكالسيوم (CaCO3) باستخدام طريقتي Kriging و IDW. تم استخدام 250 قطاع تربة ممثل موزعة عشوائياً في منطقة الدراسة، 225 قطاع تربة ممثل استخدمت في التنبؤ المكاني لخصائص التربة الكيميائية المشار إليها و25 قطاع تربة ممثل استخدمت في تقييم النتائج المتحصل عليها بإحدى الطريقتين. أظهرت النتائج عدم إمكانية استخدام طريقة Kriging نوع Simple في التنبؤ المكاني لكل من ESP و CECو CaCO3 وذلك بالرغم من تحويلهم إلى الصورة اللورغاتمية للحصول على توزيع طبيعي يمكّن من استخدام طريقة Kriging. كما أوضحت النتائج عدم إمكانية الحصول على الاعتمادية المكانية التي يمكن الوثوق بها، مما أكد على استخدام طريقة IDWفي تخريط كل من ESP و CECو CaCO3 لأنها أقل تعقيداً من طريقة Kriging. إن النتائج المتحصل عليها من استخدام طريقة IDW يمكن الوثوق بها وهذا ما أظهرته قيم الجذر التربيعي لمتوسط مربع الخطأ (RMSE) ومعامل التحديد (R2) لكافة الخصائص المدروسة. هذه الدراسة توصي باستخدام طرائق التنبؤ المكاني في دراسة التغايرات المكانية لخصائص التربة المختلفة.
مختار محمود مختار العالم(4-2017)