Abstract Against the background due to the energy crisis in the late 1970’s, the pinch analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for the integrated design of process heat networks which include heat exchangers, distillation columns, furnaces, etc..The key strategy of this methodology is to set energy targets prior to design based on basic thermodynamic principles.The subject of this thesis in to apply this analysis to one of the Libyan Refineries, namely Ras Lanuf Refinery, to assess energy utilization of such big energy – consuming plants and to explore the potential of energy as well as capital costs savings based on the finding of applying this analysis. Based on actual operating data collected from the plant and application of the procedure of the pinch analysis to this real case study where a minimum temperature difference approach in the Ras Lanuf refinery heat exchangers design of 10 (ΔT min =10 ) the following results were obtained. Actual rate of energy consumption of the base case design of the refinery is 9MW which is provided by burning fuel oil in the furnace, while the minimum target predicted by the pinch analysis should be 8MW. This amounts to just over 11% energy savings which equivalent to $462,000 per year reduction in the operating cost of the refinery
هويدة الهادي الحبيشي (2011)

Abstract Cement kiln dust is a major by product in cement manufacture. Methods of disposal, handling, treatment and reuses are a major factors in optimization of a certain cement plant. This thesis concentrates on the uses of cement kiln dust of souk Al Kamees cement plant as Soil amendment and as an adsorpent of Fe, Zn and lead results from sand. The major objectives of these treatments are environmental rather than economical to reduce the landfill disposal of CKD which is major problem in cement industry. CKD is used in agricultural soil amendment.CKD in Souk Alkamees consists primarily of calcium carbonate and silence dioxide, the alkaline by pass process contains highest amount of calcium oxide and lowest loss on ignation [LOI] which become a beneficial for CKD use as a soil amendment to the sand for many especial agricultural products such as potatoes, …etc. This thesis concentrates on the uses of CKD as an adsorbent to remove heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, and Pb from soil. Adsorption column is used to perform the work. Experimental setup discussed in the thesis is used using cement kiln dust as an adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from soil. The major result is to simulate the physical behavior of the process using conventional isotherms available in literature, Langmuir, Freandlish and Drachsal isotherm models have been found to simulate the data with good agreement with experimental work. Characterization of the CKD is made after dehydration process at 150C for 24 hrs. X ray fluorescent equipment is used and the results are reported in the thesis.
محمد محمود الشاهري (2015)

Abstract Deposition of undesirable materials on water wall side of boiler tube that are operated under forced circulation boiling conditions can cause serious trouble in steam boilers. The present study is concerned with the scaling characteristics of water in the boilers. The effects of heat flux and water velocity were evaluated for water having a total hardness and calcium hardness in the range (TH= 380 to 390 ppm asCaCO3 ) and(CaH= 250 to 298 ppm asCaCO3) respectively. The heat flux ranged from (1.05 x 105) to and water velocity in a vertical annular test section range from 0.51 to 0.75 m/sec (1.67 to 2.5 ft/sec) . The test section consisted of an annular duct 0.050 m (2.0-in) O.D. and 0.033 m (1.33-in ) I.D. A 0.30 m (12-in) section of the concentric core of the annulus was electrically heated. Hot water at 97.0 (370.1) was circulated through the annulus where boiling occurred on the heated section. The temperature range at the Surface of heated section in the annulus was from (105 - 118 ). The results of five tests are reported in this study. The fouling resistance vr. time curves reached an asymptotic value and the average of fouling resistance for Runs (1-5) had been plotted. Chemical analysis of scale deposits indcated that Calcium carbonate and Silica were the man Constituents. At constant surface temperature an increase in velocity from 0.51 to 0.75 m/sec (1.67 -2.5 ft/sec), caused about a 20 percent reduction in the asymptotic fouling resistance.
عادل محمد شنقير (2008)