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Abstract

Biocides (disinfectants and antiseptics) are used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of applications. However, their antibacterial effectiveness is not always well stated by the manufacturers and consumers find it difficult to choose the right product according to their needs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate practically achieves disinfection efficacy of locally available disinfectants and antiseptics on surfaces and infectious microbiological utilities of Tripoli Medical Center (TMC). Fourteen biocides; Ten disinfectants (Dex36, Dex50, Dex53, Mzid-S, Mzid-AF, Deson, Dettol, Seem, Chlor and Wipol) and four antiseptics (HiBi, Esept, Emed and Desman) were tested at concentrations recommended by manufacturers on surfaces, walls and different utilities that were contaminated by locally circulating six isolates of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, staphylococcus aureus, Klebscilla pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using four standard evaluation test procedures (capacity test, diffusion test, in-use test and suspension test). Results showed the highest average log reduction (7.4) of test bacteria was given by quaternary ammonium based disinfectants; Dex50, Dex53, Deson-AF and Mzid-S. A comparable average log reduction of test bacteria was noted (7.0, 7.2 and 7.3) for Deson-AF, Dex.50 and Dex.53 respectively. In contrast HiBi as an alcoholic based antiseptic gave the highest average log reduction (7.2) against tested bacteria. Desman, Emed and Wipol antiseptics had poor antibacterial activity on tested bacteria causing almost undetectable log reduction in cell viability. From contamination point of view, five critical departments in Tripoli Medical Centre (TMC) namely; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Surgical ICU, Dermatology, Oncology, and Urology departments were found contaminated with six types of bacteria. Bacillus cereuses followed by Klebscilla pneumonia were the most bacteria spread in whole five mentioned departments, particularly in dermatology department. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was next most widespread bacterium and almost isolated equally from the five medical departments. Acinetobacter baumannii had been isolated from Neonatal ICU; whereas Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had been isolated from Oncology Department and Surgical ICU respectively. In addition, Dex36, Chlor, Chlor, Wipol, Desman and E-med exhibited bacterial contamination in both capacity and in-use tests. In conclusions, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and combination of QACs with aldehyde formulations were found to be the best disinfectants for disinfection of contaminated surfaces.
عتيقة صالح الهادي (2016)

Abstract

: The Lady in black is a narrative fiction novel of imaginative events and imaginative characters that are given a scope and a breathing space in real places to express their feelings and to make decisions of their own. Rami and his daughter, Rosalinda or the referred to as the Lady in black, are the main characters of this novel. Rami, the only son of the Libyan Sunni’s family made a journey to Palermo / Italy that resulted in getting his MD with honors, getting married to the Italian Lucia Ricci, the birth of his daughter, Rosalinda and his assassination in Rome. After having discovered that her father was not the Italian Bruno as she had thought for so long but the Libyan Rami, she broke up with the Bruno’s family and promised to revenge her biological father’s death. She accompanied the Palermo group in their sail to Libya not with the intention as they did to participate in the 2011 February liberation war, but mainly to find the assassins of her father and to revenge his death. She, however, found herself in the middle of the Libyans war and could not get anywhere and had to fight for her life, but she was arrested by the Gaddafi’s militia and was transferred to Rexes hotel in Tripoli. There she met the assassin face to face and shut him dead, declaring in her Libyan grandparents’ residence that her war was done and had to mix with action once more.
منار مبروك الأسطى (2014)

Abstract

: The main concern of this thesis is to examine the deficiencies of very important role of curriculum and syllabus plans in Tripoli Teacher Institutes to train and prepare the professionally qualified teachers to teach English for Specific Purposes in secondary schools in Tripoli. This study intended to investigate whether the curriculum and syllabus plans used in Teacher Training Institutes are adequate for training and preparing professional English for Specific Purposes teachers in secondary schools in Tripoli. Curriculum includes the philosophy, purposes, design, and implementation of the whole program. In this study a questionnaire and interview (of fifteen items) were distributed to two hundred and twenty five students who were enrolled in the 6th, 7th, and 8th semesters in the English department in Tripoli, Ganzour, and Bin- Ghesher in three Teaching Training, a questionnaire of twelve items was distributed to twenty secondary school teachers in various secondary schools in (Tripoli, Ganzour, and Bin- Ghesher ) schools, and interviews to twenty institute teachers in three institutes in Tripoli for investigation of curriculum and syllabus plans.
محجوبة أبوبكر الزيدي (2012)

Abstract

: With limited classroom, time, in appropriate approaches used in dealing with writing, can cause many problems for teachers and learners. In addition, in the perception of many teachers and some learners writing in English, is not within the scope of their objectives in the first place. A language program and teachers using it may not view time used in writing in classes as well time spent, preferring the time to be spent on more active aspects of language learning, such as learning the language grammar and vocabulary. Unlike speaking and reading, writing is generally a silent reflective activity, “especially productive writing”. Also, many teachers regard emphasizing the development of the learners writing ability as something that takes care of itself, or as a side matter that can be taken care of in the form of an occasional homework. In fewer words writing is less fortunate as well as the other productive skill “speaking in relation to the perceptive skill" listening and speaking "in teaching language. This research attempts to find an answer to the following question: “why do English learners in preparatory schools in Libya fail to learn to write? Therefore, it aims at finding, and pointing out the causes of the problems that face 3rd year preparatory learners in acquiring the ability to write English properly, that is, from the linguistic and educational perspective.
نجاة علي بن غزالة (2012)

Abtracts: Large English classes can cause many problems for the teacher and the young learners. It may seem impossible in such classes to organize dynamic and creative teaching and learning sessions. For example, it is impossible for the teacher in such classes to ensure individual participation of the young learners in the process of language practice and language use. Large classes can never be suitable for dealing with the new demands of language teaching. In other words, large classes cannot facilitate accomplishing teaching and learning based on the principles underlying communicative approach adopted in the primary 5 and 6 textbook, which is intended to build up the learner's confidence in going from organizing information to using the different language skills. The study examines the negative effects of the large number of young learners in the classroom. It intends to shed light on problems encountered in teaching English as a foreign language for communication to such classes. Research procedure and techniques to be used to collect data required for this study will be fulfilled by the use of teacher's questionnaire, as well as data drawn from informal interviews with English teachers in some primary schools in Tripoli. The actual teaching environment in primary schools is unsuitable for teaching English as a foreign language to young learners and at the same time, it prevents pupils from learning English properly. This is because most of the classes which have been visited and observed were crowded with large number of pupils. It has been noticed that this situation was problematic and uncomfortable for both the teachers and the pupils. Teaching English as a foreign language for communication to young learners requires small number of pupils in each class for the process to be successful. Young learners need special teachers' care and attention. They need enough time for each learner to practise the language and perform the various activities. Therefore, it has been recommended that large classes must be reduced to normal-size classes.
أسماء محمد أبوصاع (2010)

The aim of this thesis was to examine the harsh childhood intwonovels of Charles Dickens.In the previous chapters the researcher provided an analytical description of the conditions of orphan and child labour as described in Dickens' Oliver Twist and Great Expectations. Trying to highlight the problem that occurred because of losing parents or poverty in that era through Dickens' novels, in addition to, explaining the family background effects on adults' treatment of children.Searching for the factors beyond this common theme in the Victorian age, the researcher found out that the bad treatment of orphan and child labourwas due to some factors which affected children's life. Such factors include: - The social and economic conditions of the Victorian agesuch as, the poverty, the industrial revolution and the over-population. - Unjust environment represented by cruel laws of the poor and social classes in that era. It has been concluded that the main factors that helped to create the child labour phenomenon in the Victorian age was the industrial revolution which created a great need for cheap work force to support the capitalist employers. In addition, a great many people suffered fromvery low standard of living in the Victorian society especially the people who emigrated from the rural areas to the urbanized cities such as London. Moreover, there was tremendous increase of population which made the poor families force their children to work in factories and mills to earn their living. Dickens as the greatest English novelist in the Victorian era came to the very suitable moment to depict the very sever living conditions of the poor class in London and to fight the unjust treatment of the employers and the unjust laws of the poor. Dickens himself suffered a hard experience in his childhood when his father was imprisoned and Dickens himself was separated from his family and forced to work in a blacking warehouse. This in addition to his deep feelings of the poor's sufferings together with his true faith injustice for all human beings especially the poor, made him this great author of such masterpieces like Oliver Twist and Great Expectations. After analyzing the two novels of Dickens, it can be said that Dickens was a realistic author in his novels where he depicted his characters depending on reality of the English society of his time. Another aim was to shed light on the problems that occurred in that era because of losing parents or sever poverty especially child labour. The English society in the Victorian age had double standard view on the children. High classes children were considered to be beautiful innocent creatures who should be highly looked after whereas in law classes children were abused and treated harshly as bad creatures produced by lazy people who deserved to be punished not helped. Accordingly, the situation for poor and orphaned children was inhuman. According to the previous analysis, the researcher found out some similarities and some differences between the two protagonists. Both of main characters are orphans from the beginning of the novel where Oliver's mother dies directly after he is born and Pip is seen in his family's grave. So the reader doesn't have a clear picture about their mothers and fathers. We can find another similarity between Oliver and Pip in that they are both from the poor low class. Oliver and Pip are similar in working at an early age as child labour. The two protagonists lived a harsh life because of cruel treatments of the adults who usually look down at children as being inferior creatures. Oliver is badly treated in the workhouse, with the undertaker and by Fagin (the head of the gang) whereas Pip also is abused by his heartless sister Mrs. Joe, Miss Havisham and Estella.In fact, not all adults usually abuse the protagonists where some of them such as Joe and Magwich who give hand to Pip, and Mr. Brownlow who adopts Oliver. These adults represent the examples of orphan domestic stability were the real families are replaced by substitutes because they are broken. Both Pip and Oliver's reaction to the abuse and oppression of the society is to separate themselves from the natural stream of their society so they both lead up normal social life and they are marginalized and feel isolated from other people. Accordingly, Oliver escapes to London out of starvation and loneliness as well as undertaker wife's mistreatment together with other labourerswhereas Pip leaves his sister and her husband's house to London in order to get rid of his unexpected social status and his poverty. Pip and Oliver get into special relationships with convicts and receive some kind of care from these criminals where Magwich becomes Pip's benefactor and Fagin protects Oliver from misery and starvation providing him with a place to live in. On the other hand, there are some differences between the two protagonists. One of these differences is that Pip has got a blood tie represented by his sister, but Oliver from the first moment lives among other orphans in the workhouse. The environment in which Pip is raised is home like where he receives some kind treatment from Mr. Joe - his brother in law. Oliver is raised "from the first moment", in an orphanage and then in a workhouse. There is another difference between Oliver and Pip regarding to leaving their original place in that Oliver searches for safety while Pip searches for a higher social status. The two novels are narrated differently. On the one hand Oliver Twist is narrated by the omniscient narrator on the other hand Great Expectations is narrated by the first person through Pip's point of view. It can be said that Pip's narration gives the reader actions development through Pip's point of view and his own feelings. Whereas concerning Oliver we find that the writer tries to criticize the society through third person narration. Through reading the two novels of Charles Dickens, we can extract some important lessons. However, Dickens left valuable literature full of moral lessons concerning human life. He treated very essential issueswhich are heart touching, trying through his works to reform his society. Accordingly, his readers can easily extract useful lessons from his gorgeous novels. In this thesis, the researcher introduces some of them through the two novels. In Oliver Twist, we find that Oliver struggles to keep his goodness in spite of the opposing circumstances where he has lived among evil characters. So we know that a human being should face his difficulties and do not let himself bend before them. We learn from Oliver behavior that it is necessary to be hopeful and do not let despair beat us. So we should not blame others for our misfortune rather we should think positively and try to be optimistic.It is logical not to let our past mistakes to be a heavy burden that prevents us from looking for a better and cleaner life and accordingly we should not judge others by their past. Dickens tried through Oliver Twist to convey the idea that evil is not necessarily inherited by poor generations because of poverty. The significant moral of Great Expectationsis that affection, loyalty and conscience are more important than social status and wealth. Pip himself realizes this lesson through trying his ideas of ambition and self-improvement. His trials to improve himself give him the hope to achieve his great Expectations. So, the reader learn that wealth does not usually make people happier as well as the outer appearance may give false ideas about the true conditions. For example, is "Satis House", Pip is shocked by the miserable people inside this big house. Those rich people live unhappy life and cannot love others whereas the convict Magwich becomes a compassionate man who supports Pip. Of course wealth can change people, but in most cases, to the worse. We should preserve our moral values when we get rich and also we should treat others according to high moral standards even though we turn to have a higher status. Pip in some situation is affected by the self-improvement and starts to feel ashamed of his friends, which is a good lesson for the reader to be aware of his character transformation. It is not necessary for high class people to be more intelligent and generous. Such morals can be found in all classes. On the contrary, wealthy people tend to exploit other and be ungrateful to them.This fact is shown by the conduct of Miss Havisham, Estella and even Pip for sometime. To sum up, we can say that the figure of the orphan and child labour is dispersed throughout the pages of Dickens' novels. His orphan characters were similarly remembered as Charles Dickens. It can be said that Dickens is author of his time where he gives a clear picture about the harsh conditions of the 19th century England. Dickens portraits lonely orphans and abused children in which the orphan is the main character who is innocent, helpless and often adopted by a wealthy benefactor. Dickens as a critic. Social novelist tries through his novels to criticize and reform the English society. He tries to shed light on the exploited children in the Victorian era. Children work different kinds of jobsin many places which used them as a child labour in factories, coal mines, cotton spinning machine, textile mills, forges… etc. The others are chimney sweeper, boot blacking, shoe makers, newspaper seller, street cleaner and even criminals. Dickens touchingly expresses suffering of poor children focusing on the poverty-stricken parts of London. He depicts sad faces of children and how they are neglected and badly treated by cold and hard hearted abuse.
إيمان جمعة عويص (2016)

استحوذت المفارقة على اهتمام الدارسين الغربيين ولم يلتفت إليها النقاد العرب إلاَّ في ثمانينات القرن العشرين، وقد ظهرت عند الغرب سنة (1502) ودخلت الأدب في بداية القرن الثامن عشر. إن مصطلح (المفارقة ELRONEIA) مصطلح أسلوبي، وقد يصبح رؤية أو ظاهرة إبداعية عند بعض الأدباء والكُتّاب، وأن الأدب جميعه يتصف بالمفارقة، إن كانت بقصد أو بدون قصد. ومن المفارقات الجنينية في اللغة الإنجليزية "FLEER يسخر"، و"FLOUT يهزأ"، و "GIBE يُعيّر"، و"JEER يغمر" و"MOCK يتهكم"، و"SCOFF يزدري"، و"SCORN يحتقر"...أما في اللغة العربية فقد وردت (للمفارقة) استعمالات عدة أدبية وبلاغية مثل "التعريض"، و"التشكك"، و"المتشابهات"، و"تجاهل العارف"، و"تأكيد المدح بما يشبه الذم"، و"تأكيد الذم بما يشبه المدح"، و "هزل يراد به الجَدُّ"...وبعد هذه المسميات ظهرت المصطلحات التالية: 1- مفارقة اللغة: وهي طريقة غير مباشرة للتعبير عن المعنى المقصود والذي يخالف الظاهر. 2 - المفارقة اللفظية (Verbal Irony) وهي نمط كلامي يكون المعنى المقصود فيها مناقضاً أومخالفاً للمعنى الظاهر. 3 - مفارقة تضاد بين ثنائيات لفظية: وفيها تتجمع ألفاظ ثنائية على أساس التضاد لتوليد المفارقة. 4 - المفارقة القرآنية: وهي اللفظ الذي يؤدي معنى التضاد أو الاختلاف مع السياق. 5 - مفارقة المثل الشعبي: هي أن يضرب الكاتب "مثلاً قديماً" قاصداً منه إيماءة لشيء ما". 6 - مفارقة المستوى الصوتي: يمكن تمييز المفارقة الصوتية من نبر الصوت، ومن درجة قوته أو ضعفه إن كان جهورياً أو مهموساً ... يريد به الكاتب كشف شيء ما. 7 - مفارقة المستوى الدلالي: هي انتقال اللفظ من حقله الدلالي المعروف في أصل الاستخدام إلى حقل دلالي آخر بحيث يقيم مع لفظ آخر علاقة دلالية جديدة من نوع التضاد أو التحالف لغاية انتقادية. 8 - مفارقة المستوى التركيبي: هي المفارقات القائمة على التنافر مع تراكيب أخرى أو مع نفسها. 9 - مفارقة الموقف: هي أن نتوقع حدوث أمر فيحدث نقيضه... 10- المفارقة الرومانسية: هي وسيلة تكشف ما في الحقيقة الواحدة من تناقض... 11 -المفارقة الدرامية: هي تحول يحدث مع مرور الزمن، وأنها تفيد انقلاباً مفاجئاً في الظروف... إذن المفارقة لم تكن شيئاً طارئاً استخدمه الكاتب بجل أنواعه، وإنِّما كان تعبيراً منه على أحداث عاصرها لم يستطع التعبير عنها إلاَّ من خلال هذا الأسلوب –المفارقة، للتملص والهروب من يد الرقابة والمسؤولين.
سميرة عمار إبراهيم الرباعي (2013)

الحمد لله رب العالمين، والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسلين سيدنا محمد عبد الله ورسوله، المبعوث رحمة للعالمين وبعد. فالقرآن الكريم كلام الله ولا شك وهو النص العربي الفصيح المنقول إلينا بالتواتر من الأفاضل الذين حرصوا عليه ، وتشربوه ألفاظا ، ومعانٍي ، وقراءاتٍ ، حتى وصل إلينا نتلوه بالطرائق التي وصل إلينا بها في الأداء ، والحركات ، والسكنات ، نتلوه ونتعبد بتلاوته ، وسيصل بإذن الله إلى ما شاء الله له أن يصل من بعدنا ، محفوظا كما نزل ، بقراءاته ، ورواياته ؛ إذ تعهد الله له بالحفظ ، بعد أن يسر الله لنا قراءته وتلاوته ، حين أجاز للأمة أن تقرأ بسبعة أحرف ، فعن ابن عباس رضي الله عنه قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " أقرأني جبريل على حرف فراجعته ،فلم أزل أستزيده ويزيدني حتى انتهى إلى سبعة أحرف ". وبعد أن هيأ له من خلقه دائما من يقوم به وعليه، فلم يضِع حرفا، ولم تتغير حركة، ولم تُنس قراءة، من هذه القراءات القرآنية المعروفة والمشهورة، والتي تعد إلى جانب نصه الكريم ثروة لغوية هائلة لأهل اللغة ودارسيها؛ إذ لا يستغنى عنها دارس اللغة العربية، فمن خلالها يُفهم معنى للفظٍ، وتقوى لغة، ويصح إعرابا، إلى غير ذلك من الفوائد التي جلبتها القراءات القرآنية للغة العربية. ومن هنا اخترت أن تكون تتمة مرحلة دراستي هذه في هذا الجانب، واخترت سفرا من الأسفار التي عنيت بهذه القراءات توجيها وإعرابا وتعليلا وشرحا، فكان عنوان الأطروحة: المسائل اللغوية في كشف المشكلات وإيضاح المعضلات في علل القراءات للباقولي المتوفى سنة 543 ه.
الشارف محمد ضو عبد العزيز (2015)