Medication error reporting (MER) is an effective way used to identify the causes of Medication Errors (MEs) and to prevent repeating them in future. The underreporting of MEs is a challenge generally in all MER systems. The current research aimed to explore nurses’ knowledge on MER by determining their attitudes towards reporting and studying the implicated barriers and facilitators. A total of 23 nurses were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The saturation point was attained after 21 interviews. All the interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Four major themes and 17 sub-themes were identified. Almost all the interviewees were aware about the existence of the MER system. They showed a positive attitude towards MER. The main barriers for MER were the impacts of time and workload, fear of investigation, impacts on the job, and negative reactions from the person in charge. The nurses were knowledgeable about MER but there was uncertainty towards reporting harmless MEs, thus indicating the need for an educational program to highlight the benefits of near-miss reporting. To improve participation strategies, a blameless reporting culture, reporting anonymously, and a simplified MER process should be considered. arabic 26 English 137
Eman Ali M. Dyab(11-2018)

Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance throughout the world. It is found in coffee, black tea, and chocolate, as it is produced naturally in the beans and leaves of the plants used to manufacture these products. This study aimed to make a survey study among children 2-11 years in some Tripoli, Libya schools to determine caffeine concentration in number of beverages and foods consumed by studied children. About 313 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to students to be filled by their parents. Caffeine was extracted from samples using dichloromethane. Purity of isolated caffeine was estimated by using TLC method.Quantitative analysis of caffeine was performed by using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Chocolate biscuits, chocolate cake, cocoa milk and chocolate ice cream were the highest consumed products among the studied children (81%, 79%, 67% and 63% respectively). The highest side effects of caffeine consumption was hyperactivity was the highest side effect in children (76%). Some children also suffered from severe side effects such as panic attack (14%). Naseem ice cream sample showed the highest caffeine content (28 mg/serving) among solid samples.Whereas in the beverages, energy drink samples Red pull, XIR and Shark were 268, 262 and 250 mg/serving respectively. In conclusion, there was excessive consumption of caffeine among the studied group of children and some of them showed side effects and even severe side effects. Variety of tested foods and beverages under the study contained uncontrolled concentrations of caffeine. In addition, chocolate milk (Al Rayhan), contained no caffeine. arabic 15 English 97
Sakina S. Saadawi, Khairi A. Alennabi, AMAL .A ABOALLA AMMAR, , , ٍSuhera Mehemed Abdulsalam Aburawi(9-2019)

نبات القازول Allium roseum L نبات ينتمي إلى الفصيلة البصلية Alliaceae مستوطنا في شمال أفريقيا. يستعمل هذا النبات خلال فصل الربيع في إعداد بعض الوجبات الشعبية كما يستعمل كبديل عن الثوم Allium sativum.يستهدف هذا البحث دراسة الكيمياء النباتية لنبات القازول لمعرفة المواد الفعالة ولمعرفة القيمة الغذائية ومعرفة تأثيره كمضاد للتأكسد وكمضاد للتخثر.خضعت الأزهار والأبصال الطازجة كلا على حدة إلى التقطير البخاري وذلك لاستخلاص الزيوت الطيارة. كما خضعت الأزهار والأبصال المجففة في الظل للاستخلاص عن طريق عملية النقع في الميثانول في درجة حرارة الغرفة.طبقا لطرق التحاليل الكيميائية المرخصة (AOAC 2002) فإن النتائج أثبتت أن النبات يعتبر مصدرا جيدا للبروتين والدهون والألياف والسكريات حيث كانت (13.436 ±0.23, ,5.503 ±0.26 31.032 ±0.0و29.839±0.19) متتابعة بالنسبة للأزهار؛ (19.361 ±0.26, ,14.813 ±0.09 15.803 ±0.06 و34.714±0.9) متتابعة بالنسبة للأبصال.تم التعرف على التركيب الكيميائي للزيوت الطيارة والمستخلص الميثانولي لكل من الأزهار والأبصال عن طريق استخدام جهاز GC-MS. النتائج بينت أن المركب Triacoctane (40.47%) والمركب Isoelemicin (30.27%) كمكونين أساسيين بالنسبة للزيت الطيار للأزهار؛ والمركب 9,12Tetradecadien1ol,acetate,(Z,E) (88.43%) كمكون أساسي بالنسبة للزيت الطيار المستخلص من للأبصال. كما تم تحليل مستخلصات الميثانول بواسطة GC-MS وتم التعرف على مجموعة من المركبات.هذه الدراسة كشفت أن النبات له تأثير معتدل ضد التأكسد مقارنة بفيتامين ج؛ وأن معدل التأثير المضاد للتأكسد بالنسبة للأزهار أكبر من الأبصال.كما تم دراسة التأثير الخارجي المضاد للتجلط المعروف باسم (وقت البروثرومبين) لمستخلصي الميثانول بأحجام مختلفة (25, 50 و75 ميكروليتر) حيث اختبرت على عينات دم لأشخاص طبيعيين بواسطة قياس وقت البروثرومبين. حيث وجد أنه يزداد الوقت المطلوب للتجلط بازدياد الحجم المضاف من المستخلص وأن مستخلص الأزهار له فعالية أقوى من مستخلص الأبصال .Abstract: This study deals with the chemical characterization of a medicinal and an aromatic plant of the Libyan flora: Allium roseum L, and aimed to identify new bioactive natural compounds in its flowers and bulbs, determine the nutrient and bioactive compounds and screening for their possible antioxidant and anticoagulant properties. The chemical composition of essential oils steam-distillized as well as methanolic extracts of both flowers and bulbs were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that the Triacoctane and Isoelemicin were detected as the major components of the flowers essential oil (40.47, 30.27%) repectively. For bulbs essential oil showed that 9,12Tetradecadien1ol, acetate, (Z, E) was detected as the major component (88.43%). The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of the flowers and bulbs of A. roseum showed the presence of: five compounds in flowers methanolic extract, in terms of percentage amounts 10,13-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (19.92%), 2,2-dimethoxybutane(17.55%), Furan,tetrahydro-2,5-dimethyl (12.02 %) and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (11.68 %); and nineteen compounds in methanolic extract of bulbs, in terms of percentage amounts: Heptadecane (13.96%), Octadecane (10.84%), Tetradeca-(9z,12e)-dienyl acetate (10.47%) and Hexadecane (8.97 %)were predominant in the extract. Association of the official analytical chemists methods (2002) are used for nutritional analysis of flowers and bulbs of A. roseum. Results indicated that this plant is an excellent source ofproteins, fats, fibers and carbohydrates (13.436 ±0.23, 5.503 ±0.26, 31.032 ±0.04 and 29.839±0.19) respectively for flowers and (19.361 ±0.26, 14.813 ±0.09, 15.803 ±0.06 and 34.714±0.9) respectively for bulbs. The study revealed that, A.roseum L had moderate antioxidant, scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of flowers and bulbs when compared with standards (ascorbic acid and quercetin). IC50 (µg/ml) 5 min following the order: quercetin (1.08) < ascorbic acid (2.14) < flower extract (116.17) < bulb extract. Free radical scavenging activity of these samples also increased with an increasing concentration. In vitro anticoagulant effects of methanolic extracts of both flowers and bulbs of A. roseum in different volumes (25, 50 and 75 μL) were examined in the blood samples of normal individuals by measuring prothrombin time (PT). The methanolic extracts of flowers and bulbs of A. roseum were found to inhibit coagulation process in vitro and significantly prolonged prothrombin time in a dose-dependent manner. Methanolic extract of flowers was more potent in prothrombin time prolongation than methanolic extract of bulbs. All results in this project were investigated for the first time on Libyan A. roseum L.
عبد العزيز شرف الدين سويدان (2015)