المعدات الصناعية المختلفة مثل المستوعبات المضغوطة و الخزانات تكون عرضة للتآكل مع الزمن, و بالتالي فإن سعتها التشغيلية تنخفض مع الزمن مع زيادة معدل الخطر الناجم من التآكل المتزايد في هذه المنشئات. هذه الدراسة تسعى إلى تطبيق تقنيات تقييم المخاطر في برنامج الكشف على التآكل في الخزانات العلوية ذات الضغط الجوي المستخدمة لتخزين النفط,حيث أن هذه الخزانات هي مصدر للخطر بسبب محتواها من المواد الخطرة. تعتمد الدراسة تقنية تقييم مخاطر التآكل في برنامج الكشف على التآكل في الخزانات العلوية ذات الضغط الجوي في مصفاة شركة الزاوية للتكرير. إن هذه الدراسة تعتني بتطوير نموذج منطقي يوضح الإجراءات التنفيذية لتقييم مخاطر التآكل, لهذا تم الاعتماد على مصادر مختلفة للبيانات مثل بيانات الكشف والمقابلات مع الخبراء و المشغلين و كذلك الزيارات الحقلية لغرض تنفيذ دراسة فعلية. لتحليل بعض أنواع البيانات المتحصل عليه تم استخدام تقنية التحليل الهرمي وتم اعتماد ستة أنواع من التآكل كمصدر للخطر بالخزانات في المصفاة حيث كانت من الأسباب الرئيسية لتهالك الخزانات. لتقدير نتائج المخاطر من التآكل تم اعتماد معايير محددة و هي التأثير على البيئة و الإصابات البشرية والتأثير على تكاليف الإنتاج و كذلك على زمن الإنتاج. أظهرت النتائج أن التآكل الداخلي المنتظم في الطبقة الأولى من جدار الخزان له أعلى قيمة نسبية من نتائج الخطر بينما التآكل الموضعي في منبسط السلم السقفي المتدحرج و مسامير الدرجات له أقل قيمة نسبية من نتائج الخطر. الترجيح النسبي للحوادث من التآكل كان الأعلى احتمالاً في أنابيب منظومة الإطفاء (6.4%) و الأقل احتمالا في مسند سلم الجدار (2.9%). لاحقاً, تم بناء مصفوفة المخاطر من التآكل بغرض تلخيص و توضيح نتائج المخاطر النسبي مقابل الترجيح النسبي لحدوث الخطر الناتج عن التآكل. أعلى قيمة نسبيه للخطر تم تقديرها بسبب التآكل الموضعي في صفائح قاعدة الخزان و وأدنى قيمة نسبيه للخطر وجدت بسبب التآكل الخارجي المنتظم في صفائح أرضية السقف و كذلك بسبب التآكل الموضعي في مسامير الدرجات بالسلم السقفي المتدحرج. أخيراً تم إنتاج نموذج سهل الفهم لتقيم المخاطر من التآكل لإظهار أسلوب منطقي و واضح يمكن إتباعه وتطبيقه. Abstract: Industrial equipment such as pressure vessels and storage tanks are deteriorating by corrosion with time. Consequently the carrying capacity diminishes with time while the level of risk of these structures increases. This study seeks to apply the Risk Assessment techniques on corrosion inspection program in the Above ground atmospheric storage tanks, where the storage tanks are potentially hazardous due to the substances they contain. This study applies corrosion risk assessment techniques to the inspection program of above ground storage tanks in azzawiya oil company refinery.The study intends to develop a logical model for the confirmation of corrosion risk assessment procedure. Various data sources such as inspection data, expert and operational people interview and field surveys have been utilized for study execution. For data analyses, the analytical hierarchy process has been applied. Six types of corrosion risk sources have been identified as the cause of tank deterioration. For the evaluation of corrosion risk consequences criteria were chosen anomaly, environment impact, human casualty, production cost and production time. The results show that the internal uniform corrosion of the first course of tank shell has the highest relative consequence value whereas the localize corrosion of roof rolling ladder platform and stair bolts have the lowest relative consequence value. The relatively likelihood of corrosion incidence was most probable in firefighting tubs (6.4%) and was lowest in shell ladder handrail (2.9%). Finally, corrosion risk matrix has been constructed to summarize the relative consequences against likelihood of occurrence. The highest relative risk value was found from the localized corrosion in sketch plates, and the lowest relative risk value was found from the external uniform corrosion in roof deck plates and localized corrosion in stairs bolts of roof rolling ladder. An understandable Corrosion Risk Assessment model was produced in order to presenting a clear logical direct path to follow.
أشرف الزيات (2010)

Abstract The research discusses the passive solar energy in cooling the internal gaps, using architectural and urban techniques In the traditional architecture In Libya, aiming to reach to required thermal comfort for humans, particularly in the high temperature areas, It could be done through four chapters in the research, so that shall contain a part of the research content, in addition to results and recommendation, so that shell discuss: First chapter: whereas the research discusses the study of climate elements, which are considered as the most effecting factors on thermal comfort, plus demonstration of climate and climate regions in Libya. Thereafter, the study of traditional architecture in different regions of Libya (cost, mountains, desert), clarification of their most important characteristics and features at architect and urban levels, used materials and methods of construction of the same, then comparison of regions to reach to features of each region. Second chapter: this chapter shall discuss study of humans comfort, and sources of thermal gain and loss between the human body and its ambient, especially by climate factors, the most significant study of thermal gain and loss sources of the building form the direct sun rays, via walls and roofs and movement of the air. Third chapter: the sun rays are deemed the most important climate elements effecting the architectural and urban, which generate other climate elements, such as air movement and humidity …etc, which in turn impact the human thermal comfort. Thus, this chapter focused on study of passive cooling techniques, using urban and architectural technologies, to limit the effect of sun rays, prior to its reach to the building, or to limit its penetration through walls and roofs, passing by historical stops of using passive cooling techniques. Fourth chapter: Addresses this chapter analytical study applied to the methods and techniques of cooling using solar energy passive in traditional architecture, by examining and analyzing the most important of these techniques and treatments Urban and architectural in different regions (coastal, mountain, desert) and benefit from and applied in the local architecture. Finally: the search to a set of findings and recommendations to the effect that he must return to traditional architecture and technologies and processes and take advantage of them to maintain the legacies of urban and architectural history, and development in the local construction and architecture.
يوسف مفتاح الهمالي (2013)

ﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ ﺣﺎﺟز اﻷﻣواج اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎء طراﺑﻠس اﻟﺑﺣري ﺑوﺿﻌﻪ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة اﻟﺳﺑﻌﯾﻧﯾﺎت ﺟراء اﻟﻌواﺻف اﻟﺗﻲ اﺟﺗﺎﺣت اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺑداﯾﺔ ،وﺑﻣﺟرد اﻧﺗﻬﺎﺋﻪ ﺗﻌرض اﻟﺣﺎﺟز ﻷﺿرار ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛل ﻓﻲ ﺳوء ﺗﻘدﯾر ،ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻘﺻور اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم،ﻣﻣﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ اﻧﻬﯾﺎر ﺑﻌض أﺟزاﺋﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل،اﻟﺛﻣﺎﻧﯾﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺧﻠف اﻟﻧﺗوءات اﻟﺻﺧرﯾﺔ ، وﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻣوﺿﻊ اﻟﺣﺎﺟز ﻣن ﻣﺳﺎرﻩ اﻟﺳﺎﺑق ،اﻟﻣوﺟﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﯾداﻟﺑﺣري. إﻻ ، وﻓﻘﺎً ﻹﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﯾﯾم اﻟظروف اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ،ﺗم إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺣﺎﺟز 1982وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ﻣﻣﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ،ﺳﻧﺔ 17 أن أﻋﻣﺎل إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺄﻫﯾل اﻟﺣﺎﺟز ﻟم ﺗﻧﻔد ﻟﻣدة زادت ﻋن ، ز ﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻷﺿرار ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗم إﻋﺎدة ، ﻟم ﯾﻌدﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎً ﻟوﺿﻊ اﻟﺣﺎﺟز ﺣﯾﻧﻬﺎ 1982 إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣد اﻟذي أﻋﺗﺑرﻣﻌﻪ أن ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻋﺎم ﺗﺄﺧرت ﻣﺟدداً إﻟﻰ ،وﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ، إﻻ أن أﻋﻣﺎل إﻋﺎدة اﻹﻧﺷﺎء ،1999 اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ﺳﻧﺔ أﺧرى، وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺎءت ﻫذﻩ اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﻣدى ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ 11 أي ﻟﺣواﻟﻲ ،2010ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎم ﺳواءً ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﺧﺗﻼف ﻣﺣددات اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ،ﺗﺻﺎﻣﯾم اﻟﻣﺷروع ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋم ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ اﻟﺣﺎﺟز ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺎً أو درﺟﺔ ﺗدﻫور اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺎﺟز، وﻗد ﺗم ذﻟك ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻌﺔ و اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم . ﺑﻣﺎ ﺗم ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﻪ ﻣن ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ،1999 اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺷروع ﻋﺎم و ﺧﻠﺻت اﻟدراﺳﺔ، إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻣﻌطﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﻧﯾت ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻣﺣددات اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ وﺧﺻوﺻﺎً اﻟﻣوﺟﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﯾﺔ ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲﻣراﺟﻌﺗﻬﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎ ﻫو ﻣﺗﺎح ﻣن ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ ﺟدﯾدة، ﻛﻣﺎ أن طرق وﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﻣﻘﺗرﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟم ﺗﻌد ﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺗﻪ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر ﻣن أﺿرار. Abstract Been implemented breakwater's main port of Tripoli Maritime as it now stands during the seventies, and once it had completed was the barrier to damage, due to the storms that swept the region during the early eighties, which led to the collapse of some of its parts in full, as a result of inadequate design, of miscalculation wave design, and change position of the barrier from the previous track, behind the rocky outcrops, to the edge of the reef. In 1982 was the redesign of the barrier, according to a re-evaluation of the climatic conditions of the region, but the rehabilitation work on the barrier does not run out for a period in excess of 17 years, leading to increase the size of the damage, to the extent that I consider him that the design of 1982 is no longer appropriate for the development of barrier timely, therefore, been re-design in 1999, but that the work of re-construction, and implement the necessary reforms, delayed again to the beginning of the year 2010, ie about 11 years old again, and therefore this study was to assess the adequacy of project designs for the case of art based upon the barrier currently, both in terms of different design parameters or the degree of deterioration of the concrete elements of the barrier, has been done by comparing the data collected and the final design of the project in 1999, what has been compiled from the current dat The study concluded, that the data upon which the determinants of basic design, especially the wave design should be reviewed through the availability of a new climate data, and methods and the amount of proposed reforms of the concrete elements are no longer sufficient for the language of these elements of damage
أكرم البشير الشتيوي (2011)