Two-stage concrete (TSC) is known by various names such as colcrete, Polcrete, preplaced aggregate concrete and prepacked concrete. It is different from traditional concrete in two fundamental ways, namely method of construction and mix proportion. Two-stage concrete (TSC) is defined as firstly, coarse aggregates are placed into the formwork and grout is applied to fill in the between coarse aggregate particles voids. Secondly, the percentage of coarse aggregates in the mix proportion of TSC is higher than that in normal concrete. The typical value is about 60% as compared with 40% in traditional concrete. As coarse aggregates are preplaced first, they can occupy up to 60–70% of the total volume. As coarse aggregates are not involved in the mixing process, TSC is environmentally friendly with lesser consumption of energy. With a higher content of aggregates, TSC reduces the use of cement by 20–30% and may minimize the temperature rise. Engineering properties of TSC, including its stress–strain relationship, is mainly governed by the properties of coarse aggregates as stress is transferred from the skeleton of aggregates to hardened grout. Main advantages of TSC include a higher volume of coarse aggregates and the ability to use larger size coarse aggregates. The latter also reduces the cost of crushing. TSC has beneficial properties such as low drying shrinkage, high bonding strength, high modulus of elasticity, and excellent durability. The method of TSC has proved particularly useful in a number of applications like underwater construction, and masonry repair, where placement by conventional methods is extremely difficult. The method is also applicable in case of massive concrete where low heat of hydration is required. It is studied the feasibility of casting two stage concrete with 100% steel slag as coarse aggregate. In term of formulation, to adopt two stage concreting method we could minimize the risk of concrete bleeding and segregation due to high water absorption and quite high density of slag aggregate. The effect of slag coal ash and foamed glass on the mechanical properties of two-stage concrete has rarely been reported. Thus, the development of an eco-efficient alkali-activated grout for two-stage concrete is a new research topic that has no robust results to draw solid conclusions and it should blaze the track towards a cleaner production of building materials with outstanding sustainability.
Hakim S. Abdelgader(1-2022)

من اهم المتطلبات الرئيسية للجيل القادم للاتصالات اللاسلكية وانظمة النقال هي تحقيق معدلات أعلى لنقل البيانات ، مع اقصي قدر من استخدام عرض النطاق الترددي . لذلك تعد تقنية هوائيات متعددة المداخل والمخارج وتقنية التضمين على اساس التجميع الترددي المتعامد هي مزيج لتقنية الاتصالات المستخدمة الان ، يمكن من خلالها ان نتحصل على ارسال خالي من الاخطاء وهذه احد الأهداف الرئيسية في الاتصالات اللاسلكية . مع الزيادة في تطبيقات الوسائط المتعددة ، والتي يتم من خلالها ارسال كمية كبيرة من البيانات عبر الاتصالات اللاسلكية. تقنية هوائيات متعددة المداخل والمخارج والتي تمكن من الحصول على ارسال خالي من الاخطاء يمكن تطبيقها على كل من المحطة المركزية (BS) وجهاز المستخدم مع تقنية الارسال والتشفير المناسبة ، كما ان هده تستفيد من التنوع المكاني التي يتم الحصول عليه عن طريق فصل الهوائيات مكانياً. ويعتبر مزيج تقنية هوائيات متعددة المداخل والمخارج وتقنية التضمين على اساس التجميع الترددي المتعامد حاليا واحده من التكنولوجيات الأكثر تنافسية للأنظمة اللاسلكية المتنقلة للجيل الرابع .حيث يمكن لتقنية هوائيات متعددة المداخل والمخارج ان توفر التنوع المكاني مع مساعدة تشفير وقت وفضاء ، وذلك عندما تكون معلومات القناة غير متاحة في جهة الارسال . وهناك أنواع مختلفة من تقنيات تشفير زمن ومكان ، وتشفير زمن وفضاء متعامد ، وتشفير زمن و فضاء شبه متعامد ،....الخ. التشفير شبه متعامد زمن وفضاء هو الأسلوب الأفضل من التقنيات الأخرى لأنه يوفر أكثر من غيرها من معدلات اعلى لنقل البيانات لنفس العدد من هوائيات الإرسال والاستقبال . في هذه الرسالة، نقترح الهيكل العام لتقنية (QOSTBC) مع هوائيات متعددة المداخل والمخارج وتقنية التضمين على اساس التجميع الترددي المتعامد لتركيبات الهوائيات 16X16. في هذا العمل البحثي سوف يتم تحليل التضمينات الاتية : 6-QAM 1 و 64-QAM على تقنية هوائيات متعددة المداخل والمخارج وتقنية التضمين على اساس التجميع الترددي المتعامد باستخدام قنوات ارسال جاوسيون و رايشين لغرض التحليل. وقد تم دراسة تأثير هذه القنوات على معدل الاخطاء عند ارتفاع معدلات البيانات بشي من التفاصيل ، وتم كتابة برنامج المحاكاة بلغة البرمجة ماتلاب لغرض هذا التحليل ومعرفة الأداء. كما تم مقارنة النتائج المتحصل عليها من النظام المشار اليه مع نتائج البحوث السابقة ذات العلاقة اتضح أنها أفضل اداء من الأنظمة الأخرى التي تم المقارنة بها.واخيراً تقديم ملاحظات ختامية علي النتائج والمحاكاة بالإضافة الى التوصيات التي سوف تكون كعمل يتم إنجازه في المستقبل في بحث اخر . Abstract In next generation wireless communication and mobile systems' main requirements are to achieve higher data rates , and maximum bandwidth utilization . For that Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) combination as communication technique is used now , which is an error free transmission as being one of the main aims in wireless communication [33] . With the increase in multimedia applications , large amount of data are being transmitted over wireless communication . The error free transmission is required more than ever and to achieve error free transmission multiple antennas can be implemented on both stations i.e. base station and user terminal with proper modulation scheme and coding technique. A MIMO system takes advantage of the spatial diversity that is obtained by spatially separated antennas in a dense multipath scattering environment. MIMO-OFDM combination system has been currently recognized as one of the most competitive technologies for 4G mobile wireless systems.MIMO system can provide the spatial diversity with the help of Space Time Coding , when no channel side information is available at the transmitter side[1]. There are different types of Space Time Coding techniques likely Alamouti Space Time Coding, Orthogonal Space Time Coding, Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Coding, etc. Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Coding technique is more preferable over other techniques because it provides more code rate than other Space Time Coding techniques for the same number of transmitting and receiving antennas[1].In this thesis, a general Quasi orthogonal space time block code (QOSTBC) structure is proposed for MIMO-OFDM systems in 16 X 16 antenna configuration.. In this work analysis of modulations such as ; 16-QAM and 64-QAM on MIMO-OFDM system is presented. Here AWGN and Rician channels have been used for analysis purpose . Their effect on BER for high data rates have been studied in details and a simulation program have been written in matlab language programming for the purpose of analysis and knowing the performance . The results of the indicated system are compared with other published results , and they show better performance than the other systems . Concluded remarks on the results and the simulation are given in addition to recommendation of further work to be completed as a future work.
جمال محمود الاسطى (2015)

Abstract Using the ground to produce condensate water for drinking and irrigation is A new application. This study simulates numerically the use of humid air flow in a buried pipe in the ground to obtain fresh water. The temperature difference between the humid air and the environment (ground) is exploited in this condensation process. The finite difference method is employed with pressure Correction method on staggered grid to simulate the flow of humid air through Buried pipes. The condensation occurs due to the decrease of the humid air Temperature below the dew point, as a result of the heat exchange between the humid air and the ground. The amount of condensation depends upon the flow Velocity, absolute humidity, Relative humidity and pipe geometry. For a selected pipe geometry of 22m long, and 0.2m diameter, the amount of condensation is about 26 kg/hr (0.006944kg/s). The results of the current study are in agreement to within ±10% of the results given by Jenney Lindblom.
مروان عبد السلام الهمشيري (2010)