ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻷوﻟﻰ، وﺻﻮرة اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ، وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﻣﺰاﻳﺎهﺎ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ واﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ وإﺗﺴﺎع ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻈﺮوف واﻟﺤﺎﻻت، واﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺠﻴﺪة، ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ آﺎﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ واﻟﺮآﺎم واﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟ ﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ، ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ، اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي آﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﺑﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺪع ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺪر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة، وأن ﻳﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺒ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت هﺬﻩ . وﻗﺪ أدى واﻟﺘ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﺤﺮي ﻄﻮر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ وﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ وﻗﺪ ﻣﻠﺤﻮ ﺷﻬﺪت اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ ﺗﻄﻮرا اﻷ ﻇﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﺧﻴﺮة، وآﺎن ذﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺎ ﻣﻦ إآﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز، واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻪ اﻟﺒﻼد ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ، واﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺪم ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت وﺗﻼﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻺهﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ، وﻟﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ، وﺣﻴﺚ أن ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺻﺪأ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ أﺿﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ وﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد وﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ، وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ و ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة، أ ن اﻟﺘﺪهﻮر واﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪأ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ أن ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ و ﺮ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎءات، ﺗ وإﺳﺘﻘﺮا ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻬﺎ ر هﺎ وأﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻮد إﻟﻰ إﻧﻬﻴﺎر ﻣﺒﻜﺮ .وﻗﺪ أﺟ ﺮﻳﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وهﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬهﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮ إﺗﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺮق اﻹﻧﺸﺎء واﻟﻈﺮوف واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ .إﺧ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺘﻴﺎر ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﻮاﻧﺊ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻲ وهﻲ ﻣﻴﻨﺎء ﻃﺮاﺑﻠﺲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري واﻟﺼﻠﺐ وﻣﻴﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﺮاﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري، وﻣﻴﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ، ﺑﻤﺼﺮاﺗﻪ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي . وﻣﻴﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺘﺠﺎري، ورﺻﻴﻒ أﺑﻮآﻤﺶ ،ﺧﻤﺲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺘﻬﺎ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ، وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاؤهﺎ، وﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﺘﺪهﻮر اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي وﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ، آﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺮز اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﺘﺤﺮى ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ واﻹﻟ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺘﺰام وﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻟﻺﺳﻤﻨﺖ w/c ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻤﺎء وﻧﻮع وآﻤﻴﺔ اﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ، واﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ، ، وﺗﻘﺪم أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺠﻮدة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت واﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ.
عبد الله عمر الشكري (2010)

Estimating the Reliability (Probability of Failure) of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures in marine environments has been of major concern among researchers in recent years. While General (uniform) corrosion affects the reinforcement by causing a uniform loss of its cross-sectional area, Pitting (localized) corrosion concentrates over small areas of the reinforcement. Many studies have focused on the effect of general corrosion, the effect of pitting corrosion on the structure reliability has not been fully investigated. Furthermore, due to the variability associated with the parameters involved in the reliability estimation of the corroded structure, this paper focuses on the effect of variability of pitting corrosion on the structure reliability. The analysis also takes into consideration the Spatial Variability (SV) of key deterioration parameters often neglected in previous studies. The authors have used their experimental data in modeling SV parameters of a specific deterioration parameter. The analysis adopted here used Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique to construct a Spatial-Time Dependent model to estimate the girder reliability. The results showed that pitting corrosion potentially has a far more aggressive effect on the structure reliability than general corrosion and that pitting corrosion affects shear resistance far more severely than it would affect flexure resistance. The analysis showed that after 50 years of service, the reduction in the beam reliability due to pitting corrosion was 51% higher than that caused by general corrosion and that considering SV has caused the reliability predicted in terms of pitting corrosion to decrease by 12%. In the case of general corrosion, the decrease in beam reliability was only about 2% for the SV scenario.
Omran Kenshel, Mohamed Sulieman (12-2021)

The number of deteriorating bridges due to chloride-induced corrosion increases annually as does the cost of inspection, maintenance, repair and where necessary replacement. Meanwhile, budgets made available to bridge owners/managers for repair and maintenance of these bridges are reducing. To optimise and manage their budget spend, bridge owners/mangers need to rely more on rational decision making methods rather than on subjective engineering judgment. In this thesis, the author has developed a probabilistic- based model which aims to predict the lifetime performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures exposed to chloride corrosive environment and consequently to optimise their lifetime management.
Omran Kenshel(11-2009)