Summary of the Thesis Dogmatism and its Impact on the Libyan Theatre By Mohamed M. Z. Eghmea Theatre is an art related to the current, collective mental operations, phenomenon governing its community tracks and relationships and its individuals belief systems and directly – to regimes nature, ideology, beliefs and community values common in human communities whether in Europe or Arab communities, according theatre was characterized by multi trends and schools that were, in a form or another a result of organization or system of values and beliefs common in these communities. When Europe fell under church's sovereignty and religious control in its lagging ages, Galileo and other scientists were not the only victims of dogmatic mind of Pious men who contested every opinion disagreeing with their religious belief considered by some as unerring, theatre was forbidden, because they felt that it might affect their postulations and destroy their fortified belief, for that theatre was forbidden as disagreeing with church values and believes, western churches called for depriving Christian actors and actress of ritual practice and evicted them from church, kings and empires allied with church regarding forbidding acting, this position continued till the 16th century. Theatre collision with dogmatic values and beliefs organization was not limited to Europe in its lagging ages, rather theatre conflict with belief non flexibility extended to non flexible beliefs of human communities with all their cultures, races and ideologies and all religions and beliefs all over the theatre history, yet the main difference was in degree of unity of dogmatic fanaticism between one community and another, and one regime and another a phenomenon unlimited to a certain field, but extends to all political, economic, social, cultural and technical areas. Dogmatic mentality is common in our Arab communities and may take more acute and extremist form compared to another communities, if considering its effects on most of Arab communities, and Arab communities reaching to losing coexistence factors and accepting the other whether at religious, political or social level, some thinker believe that this phenomenon was aggravated and became one of the most important Arab mind restrictions towards development and creation due to subjection to mental and belief non flexibility. The common religious or political belief is having the absolute fact and every party pretends to be absolutely right, and that its values and beliefs are indisputable and that any different trend is mistaken, and according to the same strength through which dogmatic is cleaving to its ideology constituting its belief organization, it, by the same mental strength refuses any other or different ideology. Accordingly dogmatic mentality was the result of wars and bloody conflicts with holders of other beliefs and ideology, due to dogmatic mentality control over conflicting parties and every party insists that it has the absolute fact and surrounds it with a hallo of holiness and forbidding, accordingly using violence to defend their beliefs was justified because tolerance and accepting the other or changing ideology or belief according to surrounding variables is strongly refused by the common dogmatic mentality. As theatre is an art related to collective mentality ideology and the common belief organization, dogmatism affected the theatre product, this study discussed effects of dogmatic values and beliefs organization on Libyan theatre through its different history. Libya knew theatre art since the beginning of twentieth century, through this period Libya witnessed important political changes since Ottoman occupation, passing through Italian and British occupation till the post-independence, every stage had its closed belief system that affected the collective awareness and cultural and technical product as the study followed the effect of Libyan theatre through different values and beliefs systems that controlled literary, artistic and culture discourse for every historic stage in Libya by analyzing applied forms theatrical texts. Accordingly the problem of study of identifying effect of organization or system of demographic values or beliefs on the Libyan theatre through its history is clear, and every historic stage had a value and belief system meets the ruling authority's trends and ideology beginning from Turkish theocratic occupation that ruled under name of religion, followed by Italian occupation through which a mono trend systems dominated including ownership and Totalitarian Power, the Libyan theatre was subject to ideological trends depended on the regime organization and historically the study followed up theatrical artistic products of these stages as well theatrical movement activity in general, and displaying applied examples of some theatrical texts to reach a scientific explanation of effect of belief non flexibility, dogmatism on the Libyan theatre, and how far Libyan authors are attracted to or opposing dogmatic values and beliefs organization governing artistic and media discourse. The study chapters include an introduction, conclusion and four chapters, chapter one: titled (Dogmatism) its concept and relationship to theatre, the researcher discusses dogmatism in terms of origin, concept and relationship to theatre as a modern concept meeting nature clarifications, its definition, discussing the term origin and development and following up its contemporary concept through thinkers and philosophers opinions who studied and analyzed the phenomenon beginning with its establisher, the U.S scientist Milton Rokeach who included it in his book the open and the closed mind, "Milton RoKeach" was the first theorist and researcher who introduced this terminology to humanitarians, indicating that dogmatism is not limited to a certain scientific or cognitive field, rather may cognitive and creative scientific fields. In Chapter Two: titled (Libyan theatre between theocratic dogmatism and dogmatic fascism) in which the researcher discussed Ottoman, Italian and British occupation to Libya, and how far Libyan theatre is affected by values organization that governed during foreign occupation, whether religious effect under Turkish occupation or what was known by Ottoman Caliphate as well as what was faced by the Libyan theatre under Italian fascist occupation that affected the Libyan theatrical product and theatrical movement in general in its beginning. Chapter Three: titled (Libyan theatre and post independence political changes) the period extended for about 5 centuries between Royal regime and Gaddafi regime that over through royalty, the so called first of September revolution through which theatre was active at the level of quantity and quality, but theatrical works contents remained unlimited by the nature of every stage while royal regime was cleaving to beliefs and ideologies opposing Nasirist national and revolutionary extension in the 1995 and the 1960, the succeeding system was completely different so that national demographic and motivating discourse controlled over ideological discourse of this stage and most of author's texts met the prevailing discourse and any author tried oppose dogmatic beliefs was chased and even in prison, to clarify ideological violence more extreme than before. In chapter Four: title (applied examples of texts from Libyan theatre) the researcher analyzed some theatrical texts examples for some authors clarifying effects of dogmatic values and beliefs on some theatrical authors products, the researcher discussed examples of theatrical texts written to market and promote the ruling authority's ideology to meet dogmatic values and beliefs of the regime as well as examples that tried to cross demographic barriers and dealing with taboos, also the study identifies the effect of demographic beliefs an artistic and dramatic aspects to build the dramatic text then the researcher discusses the study conclusion and results and recommendations reached by. Of the most Important Study Results: First: Dogmatism affected the Libyans authors in terms of subjects and theatrical works artistic structure which was a case of theatrical text crises and emergence of dogmatic theatre which focused on direct political motivation and propaganda at the expense of theatrical work artistic value. Second: violence imprisonment and exile was the main method of dogmatic mentality for authorities rules Libya to deter authors and theatrical artists who tried to remove dogmatic barriers and cross taboo, religiously and politically. Third: Converting the theatre during most of seasonal festivals to just a media to market and promote the ruling authority's ideology and beliefs, due to agreement between number of authors and dramatists with the authority's dogmatic organization as well as theatre's subjection to control prohibiting displaying anything disagreeing with the ruling authority's beliefs. Fourth: in most cases, beliefs dramatists abandoned theatricality for ideology; some authors were not hesitated in changing historic facts in texts inspired by history to agree with the authority's beliefs and theories. Fifth: Dogmatic mentality restricted theatrical art development in home due to believing in having the absolute fact, answers ready for every human problems and insisting on marketing and enforcing the ruling authority's belief organization. ***
Mohamed M. Z. Eghmea(1-2017)

بتوفيق من الله عز وجل أصل إلى مرحلة الخُلاصة النهائية للدراسة التي أجريت على قالب من قوالب الموسيقى العربية الآلية ألا وهو قالب السماعي ومراحل تطوره في مدينة طرابلس، وبعد الجمع والتدوين والتحليل لمعرفة تساؤلاتها قسم الباحث دراسته هذه إلى مقدمة وثلاثة فصول، فيما يلي ملخص لما ورد فيها:المقدمة: وتشمل المشكلة والهدف والأهمية والمنهج والأسئلة والحدود والأدوات والعينة والمصطلحات.الفصل الأول: الإطار النظري:اشتمل هذا الفصل على:المبحث الأول: نبذة تاريخية جغرافية عن مدينة طرابلس.المبحث الثاني: المؤلفات الآلية في الموسيقا العربية.المبحث الثالث: تاريخ نشأة قالب السماعي وانتشاره.المبحث الرابع: تحليل قالب السماعي ومكوناته الموسيقية.المبحث الخامس: نشأة السماعيات الليبية في مدينة طرابلس وتطورها.الفصل الثاني الإطار العملي:تضمن هذا الفصل نتائج الدراسة الميدانية التي قام بها الباحث من مقابلات شخصية لجمع وتدوين وتحليل السماعيات الليبية التقليدية، والمتطورة لمعرفة مكوناتها وألحان مقاماتها، والإيقاعات المستخدمة فيها، وقد أورد الباحث تدويناً كاملاً وتحليلاً موسيقياً لعينة الدراسة المختارة من السماعيات المؤلفة في مدينة طرابلس.الفصل الثالث: النتائج والتوصيات:تضمن هذا الفصل النتائج التي توصل إليها الباحث من خلال الدراسة الشاملة من جمع وتدوين وتحليل للسماعيات التقليدية والمتطورة التي ألفت في مدينة طرابلس وتتبع نشأتها وعناصرتكوينها وأبعاد مقاماتها وأنواع إيقاعاتها المستعملة، وفي ختامه أورد الباحث مجموعة من التوصيات آملاً أن تكون ذات قيمة علمية تساهم في الحفاظ على هذا التراث المتواصل بمرور العصور والأجيال، وألحق الفصل بمجموعة من الملاحق اشتملت على:1 تدوين موسيقي للسماعيات التقليدية المُؤلفة في مدينة طرابلس.2 تدوين موسيقي للسماعيات المطورة المؤلفة في مدينة طرابلس.
نادر يونس إمحمد عبدالله (2009)

إن تراثنا الشعبي الليبي بمختلف أنواعه، وتعدد فروعه المعروفة منذ أمد بعيد، وحتى الآن نستطيع به أن نتحدى الزمن بأن نستلهم منه ما يبهج رغبتنا لروح الأصالة، وديمومة الهوية الليبية، والتي للأسف تفتقر لها بيوتنا، ومبانينا الشاهقة الآن علي أرض الوطن.لهذا حاولت الباحثة من خلال هذه الدراسة توطيد العلاقة التي تربط بين التراث الشعبي، والتصميم الداخلي في الجماهيرية العظمي، وتحديداً في إستلهام عناصر فنية، وقيم جمالية للحلي الطرابلسية وتوظيفها في وسائل إضاءة تحمل عبق الماضي بروح عصرية.لذلك قد قسمت هذه الدراسة إلي ستة فصول، فتناولت في الفصل الأول المقدمة، ومشكلة البحث والتي تتمحور في تساؤل : هل هناك إمكانية توظيف العناصر الفنية والجمالية للحلي الطرابلسية في الإضاءة بالتصميم الداخلي؟ثم الفروض الممكنة في حل هذه المسألة لتحقيق الأهداف العامة، والخاصة المرجوة، وأهميتها في المحافظة علي الهوية، والشخصية الليبية من التراث، وذلك بدمجه، وتطويره بروح معاصرة...كما قد اقتصرت هذه الدراسة علي الحلي الطرابلسية فقط، وفي فترة أواخر القرن الماضي ومطلع القرن الحلي.أما بالنسبة إلي منهجية البحث فقد أتبع المنهج التاريخي، والوصفي التحليلي للعناصر الفنية والزخارف الشعبية في الحلي الطرابلسية،ومن ثم المنهج التجريبي لمجموعة من المقترحات، ونموذج لعينة منفذة تم توظيف فيها بعض الإشكال والزخارف الحلي الطرابلسية في وسائل الإضاءة .كما قد تضمن هذا الفصل أيضاً مجموعة من الدراسات السابقة المتعلقة بموضوع الدراسة.أما الفصل الثاني فتناولت دراسة تاريخية لكل ما يتعلق برحلة الحلي في ليبيا عبر العصور المختلفة والمتعاقبة والتي تبدأ منذ عصور ما قبل التاريخ، فالعصر الفينيقي،والإغريقي،والروماني،والبيزنطي، والإسلامي...،وفي نهاية الفصل خصص لدراسة تطور الحرف،والصناعات التقليدية، والتي أحتلت مكانة فريدة في المجتمع الليبي، ونخص بذكر صياغة الذهب، والفضة بالجماهيرية العظمي لما تتسم به هذه الصناعة من مظاهر الذوق،والجمال، وقوة التكوين....أما الفصل الثالث فقد تضمن معلومات تركزت علي مكونات الحلي الطرابلسية، وأنواعها، ومسمياتها،والمواد الخام المستخدمة فيها، وأدواتها،وطرق صياغتها قديماً، وحديثاً.ثم تناولت في الفصل الرابع العوامل، والأسباب المؤثرة في بلورة تصميم الحلي الطرابلسية سواء من ناحية الشكل،أو الحجم،أو الزخارف المستخدمة،والمنفذة علي الحلي الطرابلسية نذكر منها(العين،و الخميسة،و الزخارف الحيوانية،و النباتية، والهندسية....).أما الفصل الخامس فقد خصص لدراسة علاقة الإضاءة بالتصميم الداخلي عبر التاريخ بأنواعها،وخواصها، وتأثيرها علي الإنسان سيكولوجياً، وفسيولوجياً،وإستخدامتها قديماً،وحديثاً خاصة في ليبيا،والقواعد العامة،و الهامة في توزيعها الصحيح بتصميم الداخلي.أما الفصل السادس فقد توصلت الباحثة فيه إلي وضع خطوات تصميمية، وطرق تنفيذية لوسائل إضاءة تحمل الطابع التراث الليبي خاصة الحلي الطرابلسية مع مقترحات لمجموعة تصاميم مبتكرة، ونموذج لعينة منفذة في الواقع،واختتمت الباحثة في هذه الدراسة بمجموعة من النتائج، والتوصيات والتي تري فيها أنها تساهم في إثراء دراسات أخري مماثلة مستقبلاً... Abstract challenge the time by our Libyan public heritage by its different kinds, and its numerous known branches since a long time till now ,and we can ask for inspiration to rejoice our wish for the soul of origin and continuity of the Libyan identity which is our houses and our existing high buildings unfortunately are in need of our country.For so reason, the researcher through out this study, tried to take root of the relationship which tides the public heritage and the interior design in the great Jamahiriya definition in the inspiration of technical elements and beautiful values of the ornaments of Tripoli by taking them in illumination means the redolent of the past in a modern soul. For reason the study was divided into six chapters the first chapter included the preface and the subject of the research which altered in this question: is there any possibility to use the technical beautiful elements of Tripoli ornaments of the illumination by the interior design? And then the possible supposition to answer to answer this question in order to obtain the general special and objective goals and their importance for keeping the identity and the Libyan personality out of heritage by incorporation and promotion it by a modern soul.This was limited only to Tripoli ornaments for the duration of the last century and the beginning of the current century.The method of the research, followed the historical descriptive and analytic methods of the technical elements and the public ornaments of Tripoli, then consequently the experimentalMethod for a group of suggestions, and a from of executed sample which some of models, and Tripoli ornaments were used in the illumination means. This chapter included a group of various studies retaed to the subject of the research.In the second chapter a historical study was done for all what relates to the journey of ornaments in Libya through the different following ages which started from the ages before the history ,then the Phoenician, the Grecian, the Roman, the Byzantine and the Islamic ages. At the end, the chapter was devoted for the devoted for the development of crafts and traditional industries which occupied a unique standing in the Libyan society of the gold and silver smith in the Great Jamahiriya for this industry was marked by the decency, beauty and the strength of formation.The third chapter included information focused on formation of Tripoli ornaments their kinds, their names, the raw materials used in its articles and the ways of its smith in the past and recently. In the fourth chapter, the researcher took the factors and reasons that affect the crystallization of the Tripoli ornaments design whether the form the size the ornaments used in the executing of then.Some of them are (the eye, Alkhamesa, the animals the plants and the Geometric dectation…) The fifth chapter was specialized for the study of the study of the relationship of illumination with interior design through out the history by its kinds and its properties and its properties and its effectives on the human psychological and physiologic ad the use of them in the past and recently specially in Libya and the general important basis in its correct distribution by the interior design.In the sixth chapter the researcher reached lay down a design steps and executive ways for the means of ornament carrying the Libyan heritage specially the Tripoli ornaments with suggested creation designs and a from of an executed actual sample and the researcher concluded this study by a group of results and the recommendations.
نسرين الطاهر أبوخريص (2008)