Libya early practice of legislative process goes back to the years of political independence, when the first popular parliament was elected in 16 February 1952 during the era of the constitutional monarchy. Nevertheless, the era of Gaddafi’s regime (1969 to 2011) resulted in a vacuum of legislative process. The resumption of the Libyan legislative process reoccurred since the early days of the 17th February revolution of 2011; therefore, the National Transitional Council “NTC” was established by revolutionary leaders from different parts of Libya on 27th September, 2011. The most important legal document that was issued by the NTC is the Interim Constitutional Declaration “ICD” on 3 August, 2011, a document that draws the roadmap for the Libyan future. The legislative processes of the NTC, and especially the National General Congress “NGC”, reflected the division of labour technique; thus, permanent, non-permanent and common committees were operational. This study assumes that the Libyan legislative process is a policy influencing rather than an executive dominated branch of government. In order to examine the influence of the NTC and the NGC on public policy, this study is divided into the following sections: the Evolution of Libyan legislative process, the Libyan legislative process, the Influence of the NTC and the NGC, the Future of the legislative process in the new Libya, and a conclusion. The findings of this study support, by and large, the underlying hypothesis that described the NTC and the NGC as policy influencing rather than executive dominated legislative bodies. Keywords: 17th February Revolution, Legislative Process, Internal System, National General Congress, National Transitional Council, House of Representatives, Interim Constitutional Declaration, Government of National Salvation. arabic 19 English 79
Mustafa A. A. Kashiem(1-2017)

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على اتجاهات أعضاء هيئة التدريس الجامعي نحو تقييم كفاءة عملية التعليم عن بُعد في مؤسسات التعليم العالي التابعة للقطاع العام في ليبيا من خلال عدة ابعاد، اهمها مدى وجود خطط استراتيجية رسمية على مستوى الجامعة، واعتمدت هذه الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واسلوب الدراسة الميدانية. ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة غياب نظام التعليم عن بُعد بشكل شبه كامل، وكذلك عدم وجود خطط استراتيجية متكاملة لبرنامج التعليم عن بُعد بالجامعة قيد البحث، كذلك اظهرت الدراسة العديد من المعوقات التي تحول دون تبني خطة استراتيجية متكاملة لعملية التعليم عن بُعد. وختاماً فقد خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات في مجملها وأهمها، ضرورة تبني وتفعيل برامج عملية التعليم عن بُعد بمؤسسات التعليم العالي في ليبيا بشكل عام وبجامعة طرابلس خاصة. arabic 198 English 0
د. عطيه عبدالواحد سالم(3-2021)

Italy's migration policy reflects a dynamic process since the early 1990s when human trafficking and illegal migration became salient issues on the national and global levels. Italy migration policy interacts and adapts to the surrounding internal and external environments. As far as the method of this study is concerned, a legitimate question was asked: Is Italy national interest navigates its migration policy more than its global commitments? This study assumes that internal and external elements affect Italy migration policy; therefore, it was divided into four main sections: the internal-external aspects of Italy migration policy outputs, external causes of Italy migration dilemma, continuity and change in Italy migration policy. Since the focus of this study is on the internal-external aspects of Italy migration policy output; the process of making laws and concluding treaties and agreements was described and analyzed through a comparative perspective. Further emphasis was on the impact of globalization, sub-Saharan Africa underdevelopment and Libya instability upon this policy. Several aspects of continuity, e.g., adopting enforced controls approach, and change, e.g., internal and external milieus, are identified. The findings of this study indicate that Italy migration policy is not only succeeded in the process of interacting and responding to the internal-external environments, e. g., concluding the agreement with Libya in 2017, but it also reflects a human dimension, e.g., saving illegal migrants lives overseas. The results of this study largely support the underlying hypothesis that assumes the impact of internal and external elements upon Italy migration policy. Keywords: Illegal migrants, Italian policy, internal and external elements, continuity and change, globalization, Sub-Sahara Africa, underdevelopment, and Libya instability. arabic 13 English 80
Mustafa A. A. Kashiem(1-2018)